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Class 8 Biology: Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management (NCERT New Syllabus) | 1. Introduction to Agriculture When plants of the same kind are cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop. For example, a crop of wheat means that all the plants grown in a field are those of wheat. Types of Crops in India: + Kharif Crops: Sown in the rainy season (June to September). Examples: Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, and cotton. * Rabi Crops: Sown in the winter season (October to March). Examples: Wheat, gram, pea, mustard, and linseed. | 2. Basic Practices of Crop Production Cultivation of crops involves several activities undertaken by farmers over a period of time. These are known as agricultural practices: 1. Preparation of soil 2. Sowing 3. Adding manure and fertilisers A, Irrigation 5. Protecting from weeds 6. Harvesting 7. Storage Step 1: Preparation of Soil The first step is turning the soil and loosening it. This allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil and breathe easily. The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. + Tools: Plough, Hoe, and Cultivator. Step 2: Sowing Sowing is the most important part of crop production. Before sowing, good quality, clean and healthy seeds of a good variety are selected. + Traditional Tool: Funnel-shaped tool. + Seed Drill: Used for sowing with the help of tractors. It sows seeds uniformly at equal distance and depth. Step 3: Adding Manure and Fertilisers The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are called manure and fertilisers. Fertiliser Manure Natural substance obtained by Man-made inorganic salt. decomposition of cattle dung and plant residues. Prepared in factories. Prepared in the fields. Does not provide humus to soil. Provides a lot of humus to the soil. Very rich in plant nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Relatively less rich in plant nutrients. Potassium. 
