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Surveying Engineering: Distance Measurements in CE 211, Summaries of Construction

Coventry CollegeConstruction

A part of the teaching material for a Surveying Engineering course (CE 211) at the University of California, Berkeley, focusing on distance measurements. It covers various methods for measuring distances, including rough measurements using pacing and measuring wheels, taping, and electronic distance measurements using Global Positioning Systems and Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMIs). the principles, equipment, and methods for each technique, as well as sources of errors and corrections. It is intended for university students and provides valuable information for those studying surveying engineering or related fields.

Typology: Summaries

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9/5/2011
1
CE 211 – SURVEYING ENGINEERING
FALL 2011 – CLASS 06: DISTANCE
MEASUREMENTS
Ahmed Abdel-Rahim, Ph.D, P.E.
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering
Class Objectives
•Identify different distance measurement tools and
their level of accuracy
•Identify sources of mistakes and errors in taping
•Correct incorrect tape length and temperature errors
in taping
•Identify procedures for electronic distance
measurement and sources of errors associated with it
Linear Measurement Methods
•Most Commonly Used:
–Pacing, measuring wheels, and Odometer (rough
measurements)
–Taping (Traditional)
– Electronic Distance Measurements (EDM)
– Global Positioning System (satellite-based systems)
–Accuracy of measurement depends on the type of
application (pacing and odometer readings could
be accurate enough for some applications
ROUGH DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
•In certain surveying applications, only a
rough approximation of distance is necessary;
a method called pacing, or the use of a
simple measuring wheel, may be sufficient in
these instances.
•Distances can be measured with an accuracy
of about 1:100 by pacing.
–Distance = unit pace * number of paces
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CE 211 – SURVEYING ENGINEERING

FALL 2011 – CLASS 06: DISTANCE

MEASUREMENTS

Ahmed Abdel-Rahim, Ph.D, P.E.

Associate Professor, Civil Engineering

Class Objectives

• Identify different distance measurement tools and

their level of accuracy

• Identify sources of mistakes and errors in taping

• Correct incorrect tape length and temperature errors

in taping

• Identify procedures for electronic distance

measurement and sources of errors associated with it

Linear Measurement Methods

• Most Commonly Used:

  • Pacing, measuring wheels, and Odometer (rough

measurements)

  • Taping (Traditional)
  • Electronic Distance Measurements (EDM)
  • Global Positioning System (satellite-based systems)
  • Accuracy of measurement depends on the type of

application (pacing and odometer readings could

be accurate enough for some applications

ROUGH DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

• In certain surveying applications, only a

rough approximation of distance is necessary;

a method called pacing, or the use of a

simple measuring wheel, may be sufficient in

these instances.

• Distances can be measured with an accuracy

of about 1:100 by pacing.

– Distance = unit pace * number of paces

ROUGH DISTANCE MEASUREMENT FIGURE 4-1. Pacing provides a simple yet useful way to make rough distance measurements. All surveyors and construction technicians should know their own personal unit pace value. ROUGH DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

  • Determining a Unit Pace
  • Using a Measuring Wheel FIGURE 4-2. A typical measuring wheel used for making rough distance measurements. ( Courtesy of Sokkia Corporation ) TAPING: EQUIPMENT AND METHODS
  • Measuring horizontal distances with a tape is simple in theory, but in actual practice it is not as easy as it appears at first glance.
  • It requires skill and experience for a surveyor to be able

to tape a distance with a relative accuracy between

1:3000 and 1:5000, which is a generally accepted range

for most preliminary surveys, ordinary property surveys,

and many types of construction layouts.

TAPING: EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FIGURE 4-3. A steel tape in a convenient reel and typical tape markings. (See also Figure 1- 1 d. )

TAPING: EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FIGURE 4-11. Methods of supporting a tape. TAPING: EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FIGURE 4-12. Holding the plumb-bob cord on the tape. FIGURE 4-13. Steps in marking a point on a pavement. TAPING: EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FIGURE 4-14. Breaking tape over steeply sloping ground. TAPING: EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FIGURE 4-16. Holding the plump-bob cord taut against the tack. FIGURE 4-17. Plumb-bob cord bent over tape.

TAPING: EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

FIGURE 4-20. Handling a plumb bob to set a tack.

TAPING: EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

FIGURE 4-21. Measuring for a tack with a short hold.

Distance Measurements by Taping

• Six Steps

  • Lining in
  • Applying tension
  • Plumbing
  • Marking tape length
  • Reading the tape
  • Recording the distance
  • Use standard calibrated 100-ft long tape

Sources of Error in taping

• Major Sources

– Incorrect length of tape

– Temperature other than standard

– Inconsistent Pull

– Sag

– Tape not horizontal or tape off line

– Improper plumbing

ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

  • Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is the measurement method of choice not only for large-scale geodetic surveys but also for ordinary plane surveys. - Compared with taping, EDM offers the advantages of increased speed, accuracy, and dollar economy when routinely determining or setting relatively long horizontal distances. ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT - Types of EDMIs - Reflecting Prisms - Accuracy of EDM - EDMI Operating Procedure - Setting a Mark with EDM ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT FIGURE 4-25. EDM depends on the constant speed of electromagnetic waves (e.g., infrared light). The measured slope distances must be converted to corresponding horizontal distances. ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT FIGURE 4-26. A total station. Distances (and angles) are displayed digitally. ( Courtesy of Leica Geosystems, Inc. )

ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT FIGURE 4-27. ( a – c ) Electronic total stations. ( Courtesy of Leica Geosystems, Inc. ) ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT FIGURE 4 internal reflecting surfaces of a corner prism, with the path of a single beam of light coming from any - 28. ( a ) A triple-prism assembly with sighting pole. ( Courtesy of Sokkia Corporation ) ( b ) The direction and being reflected in a direction parallel to its original direction. (Philip Kissam, Civil Engineers , 2nd edn,New York:McGraw-Hill Company, 1981. Reprinted by permission.) Surveying for ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT FIGURE 4-29. Instrument person pointing the line of sight at a prism pole held plumb on a point. Electronic Distance Measurements

  • Use EDM instrument at one point and a reflector in the other point
  • Measure Zenith or Vertical Angle