Control and co-
ordination
CHAPTER 7
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Control and Coordination in Organisms: A Comprehensive Guide, Study notes of Environmental science
An overview of control and coordination in organisms, focusing on the nervous and endocrine systems in animals and plants. It covers key concepts such as the human nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, neuron structure and function, and the transmission of messages through neurons. Additionally, it explains reflex actions, the human brain, coordination in plants through hormones, and endocrine glands in humans. Diagrams and assessment questions to reinforce learning, making it a valuable resource for understanding the complex processes of control and coordination in living beings. It is designed to help students grasp the fundamental principles of how organisms respond to stimuli and maintain internal balance. (438 characters)
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Control and co-
ordination
CHAPTER 7
Human nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) BRAIN SPINAL CORD Cranial nerves arising from the brain Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.
C N S BRAIN SPINAL CORD
NEURON (NERVE
CELL)
Neuron is the structural and functional
unit of the nervous system.
It has a cell body called cyton (Cell
body) containing a nucleus and
cytoplasm.
It has several branched structures
called dendrites.
It has a long nerve fibre called axon
NEURON (NERVE
CELL)
SYNAPSE (NEURO
JUNCTION)
The junction between two neurons is called
Transmission of messages through neurons
Messages pass through the nerve cell in the
form of chemical and electrical signals called
nerve impulse.
The dendrites receive the information and starts
sets off chemical reaction which produce
electrical impulse which passes through the
axon.
Types of Neuron Sensory are nerves which carry information from the receptors (sense organs) to the brain and spinal cord. It is intermediate neuron between sensory to motor. Motor are nerves which carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles and glands). Sensory neuron Relay neuron Motor neuron
Assessmen
t
(^) Name the part of neuron
- Where information is acquired?
- Through which part information travels as an electrical impulse. (^) What is synapse? (^) Write the function of motor neuron?
Receptors (Sense organs)
Receptors are the sense organs which receive the stimuli and pass the message to the brain or spinal cord through the sensory nerves.
Photo receptors in the eyes to detect light.
Phono receptors in the ears to detect sound.
Olfactory receptors in the nose to detect
smell (chemical).
Gustatory receptors in the tongue to detect
Effector (Muscles/glands)
Effectors are the muscles and glands which respond to the information from the brain and spinal cord through the motor nerves.
Reflex arc
Reflex arc