Download CLEP - Human Growth and Development and more Exams Management Fundamentals in PDF only on Docsity!
Clep- Human Growth and Development
questions with correct answers
Controversial Issues regarding development Correct Answer-Nature vs. Nurture Argument: Is human development influenced more by experiences (Nurture's position) or by the genetic endowment that is inherited from our biological parents(Nature's position) Nurture's Argument Correct Answer-At birth the human mind is like a blank slate (tabula rasa) We are shaped by nurturing care and environmental influences that impact us. Nature's Argument Correct Answer-Development is an unfolding process guided by preprogrammed genetic information. Development is seen as predictable, predetermined unfolding of inherited traits and abilities. Discontinuity or Stage Theories Correct Answer-Agrue that development progresses through a series of stages. Each stage involves a specific task. One the stage is completed the child moves on to the next stage. Continuity Theories Correct Answer-Suggest that development is best described as a steady growth process. Developmental change is described as occurring in small steps or increments. Child Development vs. Life Span Correct Answer-Some theories of development argue that development is complete at the end of childhood. -Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget are examples of theorist who argue that development is complete one one has reached adolescences. Life Span theories of development argue that growth and change continue to occur throughout the entire life span.
-Erick Erickson is a theorist who took a life span perspective. collectivist cultures Correct Answer-Places greater value on the common good than individual achievement Individualistic cultures Correct Answer-values individual achievements and the pursuit of individual goals ID Correct Answer-occurs at birth, Pleasure principle; unconscious instincts; irrational; seeks instant gratification; contains the libido Ego Correct Answer-Occurs around 6 months, reality principle; mediates id and reality; executive branch Superego Correct Answer-occurs around 6 years old, morality principle, personal consciences, personal ideals ID Correct Answer-is unconscious and has no contact with reality. It always seeks pleasure and avoids pain. Ego Correct Answer-Deals with the demands of reality. It is the executive branch of personality becaus it makes rational decisions. However, it cant determine right from wrong. Superego Correct Answer-Can determine is something is right or wrong because it IS our conscious. It does not consider reality, only rules of moral behavior Repression Correct Answer-When unwanted thoughts are pushed down in the unconscious.
Erick Erickson Correct Answer-Eight stages of psychosocial development. Each stage represents a specific task or dilemma that must be resolved with some degree of success for further development -trust vs mistrust (birth-1 year) -Autonomy vs shame and doubt(1-3 years) -Initiative vs guilt (3-6 years) -Industry vs. inferiority ( 6-11years) -Identity vs. role confusion -intimacy vs. isolation -Generativity vs. stagnation -Ego intergity vs. Despair Trust vs Mistrust (birth- 1year) Correct Answer-infant's needs must be met by responsive , sensitive caretaker. If this occurs , a bass sense of trust and optimism develops. If not, mistrust and fear of the future results. autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3years) Correct Answer-children begin to express self control by climbing, exploring, touching and toilet training. Parent can foster a sense of autonomy by encouraging children to try new things, If restrained or punished too harshly, shame and doubt can develop. initiative vs guilt (3-6 years) Correct Answer-children are asked to assume more responsibility. through play, children learn to plan, undertake and carry out a task. Parents an encourage initiative by giving their child freedom to play and use their imagination.Children who are criticized or discourage from talking initiative feels guilt Industry vs inferiority (6-11 years) Correct Answer-In elementary school, children learn skills that are valued society. success or failure while learning these skill can have lasting effects on a child's feelings of adequacy.
Identity vs role confusion (adolescence) Correct Answer-The development of identity involves finding out who we are, what we value, and where we are heading in life. if we establish an integrated image of ourselves as a unique person, then we establish a sense of identity. if not, role confusion results and can be expressed through anger and resentment. Intimacy vs Isolation (young adulthood) Correct Answer-At this time we are concerned with establishing intimate, long-term relationship with others. if we have successfully resolved the identity crisis, then we can be warm and open with others. if we are unsure of our identity or if we have developed an unhealthy identity, then we avoid others or keep them at an emotional distance. Generativity vs stagnation (adulthood) Correct Answer-This stage centers around a concern for the next generation. Successful development shows adults sharing their life acquired wisdom and caring for growth of community. Complacency in this stage leads to stagnation and potentially to depression and loneliness. Ego integrity vs.Despair (Late adulthood) Correct Answer-if a person looking back on his or her life can believe that it has been meaningful and relatively successful, then a sense of integrity develops. if all that is seen are wasted opportunities and meaninglessness, then the person will feel disgusted.despair will follow disgust if the person feels its too late to change. Sociocultural Theory of Development Correct Answer-Argues that there is a bidirectional relationship between the child and the sociocultural environment. The child influences the people and environment that he or she interacts with, as much as those people and environments influence the child's development. Lev Vygotsky and Urie Bronfenbrenner Correct Answer-Two theorist who emphasize the influences of sociocultural contexts on child development
macrosystem Correct Answer-the larger cultural context in which all other systems exist Critical period Correct Answer-A narrow frame of time within which a behavior must develop or it will NEVER appear. Sensitive Period Correct Answer-A modification of the term " Critical period" to communicate the fact that humans show a greater flexibility to acquire behaviors or traits outside the critical period of time. while a trait or behavior may be acquired more quickly or more easily during the critical period for its development, it is not impossible for it to be acquired outside of this time frame. This term connotes the time frame within which a behavior or is more readily acquired. natural selection Correct Answer-The name Charles Darwin used for the process through which species evolve over time. Sample Correct Answer-A subset of the target population who participate in a research study population Correct Answer-The entire set of people, animals, events, or things that make up the group to which a researcher is interested in applying the result of her research Random Sample Correct Answer-The term used for a sample of the target population that has been drawn using sampling technique that gave every member of the target population an equal chance of being selected. Experiement Correct Answer-The research method that can identify cause and effect relationships between variables. Two elements of this are control and manipulation. An independent variable is manipulated while extraneous variables
are controlled. A dependent variable is used to measure the affects of the independent variable manipulation. Independent Variable Correct Answer-Is the variable that is being manipulated dependent variable Correct Answer-The variable that is measured after the manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment. it is the hypothesized effect in the cause and effect relationship being tested. Field Experiment Correct Answer-An experiment conducted in a natural setting rather than in a controlled laboratory setting. It is less artificial than a lab experiment, but also has less control than a lab experiment Correlational research Correct Answer-The measuring of two or more variables in order to determine of they are related. Correlation Coefficient Correct Answer-Is the number that represent the strenght of the relationship between variables measured. a correlation coefficient can range from 0 .to 1 Descriptive or Observational Research Correct Answer-Methods used to obtain accurate records of behavior without manipulating or controlling any variables. Naturalistic Observation Correct Answer-A descriptive research study that occurs in a natural setting that has not been manipulated by the researcher Case Study Correct Answer-A descriptive research method that is an in-depth study of a single subject. It can include interviews, observations, and test results.
Chromosomes Correct Answer-The term for the biological structure in the cell that contains genes. There are 46 in each cell Autosomes Correct Answer-All of the chromosomes except for the sex chromosome. Sex- Chromosomes Correct Answer-The chromosome (x and y) that carry the blueprint for the offspring's biological sex. A female has an XX pair and a male has XY pairs of sex chromosome Sperm Correct Answer-The term for the male reproductive cell found in the testes Ovum Correct Answer-The term for the female reproductive cell found in the ovaries Genotypo Correct Answer-The term used to describe all of the traits carried in a person's genetic material Phenotype Correct Answer-The term are for the traits that are actually expressed in individual rather than the sum total of inherited genetic material Genetic Counseling Correct Answer-A service available to help couples make decisions about child bearing given their chances of passing on genetic on genetic diseases to their offspring Sex-linked recessive inheritance Correct Answer-when a trait or disease is carried by a gene on the sex chromosome ( X or Y) that only appears in the absence of the gene for the dominant trait. Someone who has this trait did not inherit the dominant gene.
Sex-linked dominant trait Correct Answer-A trait that is carried by a gene on a sex chromosome (X or Y) that will always appear. Someone who has this trait may have also inherited the gene for the recessive trait and would therefore be called a "carrier". An individual with the dominant trait could have inherited instead two dominant genes. Endocrine System Correct Answer-The system of the body responsible for managing hormone levels in the blood stream Pituitary Gland Correct Answer-Called the "Master Gland" this gland control other glands in the endocrine system and secretes growth hormone. Growth Hormone (GH) Correct Answer-The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland which stimulates physical growth. In absence of GH, an infant will not develop to normal height. GH also simulate the adolescent growth spurt. Androgens Correct Answer-Sex hormones that control the development of sex organs as well as secondary characteristics Testosterone Correct Answer-The male sex hormone that is secreted by the testes and that directs the development of the male reproductive system during prenatal development and puberty. It, along with other androgens, stimulates the growth of secondary sex charcteristics during puberty and simulates the secretion of growth hormone (GH) which triggers the adolescent growth spurt. Adrenalin Correct Answer-A hormone secreted by the adrenalin gland which is responsible for the body's flight or fight response. Helps the body prepare to respond to danger; however, It is also released when an individual experience
Achievement motivation Correct Answer-The drive to be successful at tasks that are attempted and to meet achievement standards Activity Theory Correct Answer-The social theory of aging that argues the elderly are motivated to remain active and engaged in meaningful activities, but that a decline in their activity may occur as the result of a loss of social roles.
