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CS8791 Cloud Computing
QUESTION BANK
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Cloud Computing – Definition of Cloud – Evolution of Cloud Computing – Underlying Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing – Cloud Characteristics – Elasticity in Cloud – On-demand Provisioning. UNIT I PART-A 1 What is Distributed computing? This is a field of computer science/engineering that studies distributed systems. A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers, each having its own private memory, communicating through a computer network. Information exchange in a distributed system is accomplished through message passing. A computer program that runs in a distributed system is known as a distributed program. The process of writing distributed programs is referred to as distributed programming. 2 What is High Performance Computing? Supercomputer sites and large data centers must provide high-performance computing services to huge numbers of Internet users concurrently. Because of this high demand, the Linpack Benchmark for high-performance computing (HPC) applications is no longer optimal for measuring system performance. 3 What is Utility computing? It is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to the customer as needed, and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat rate. 4 Difference^ between^ distributed^ and^ parallel^ computing. Distributed Parallel Each processor has its own private memory (distributed memory). Information is exchanged by passing messages between the processors. All processors may have access to a shared memory to exchange information between processors. It is loosely coupled. It is tightly coupled.
An important goal and challenge of distributed systems is location transparency. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently ("in parallel"). 5 Define cloud computing Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, hereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility. 6 What are the properties of Cloud Computing? There are six key properties of cloud computing: ● user-centric ● task-centric ● powerful ● accessible ● intelligent ● programmable 7 Bring^ out^ the^ difference^ between^ private^ cloud^ and^ public^ cloud^ (Dec’16) Public Cloud: Multiple Clients, Hosted at providers location, Shared infrastructure, Access over Internet, Low Cost, Less Security Private Cloud: Single Client, Hosted at providers/organization location, Shared only within organization, Access over Internet/private network, High Cost, High Security 8 Outline any two advantages of distributed computing.(Nov/Dec 2018). The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single computer. Distributed systems offer many benefits over centralized systems, including Scalability.
13 What is mean by parallel computing? Parallel computing In parallel computing, all processors are either tightly coupled with centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory. Inter processor communication is accomplished through shared memory or via message passing. A computer system capable of parallel computing is commonly known as a parallel computer. 14 What^ are^ the^ properties^ of^ Cloud^ Computing? There are six key properties of cloud computing: ● Cloud computing is user-centric ● task-centric ● powerful ● accessible ● intelligent ● programmable 15 State the essential characteristics of cloud computing. ● On-Demand self service ● Broad network access ● Location independent resource pooling ● Rapid elasticity ● Measured services 16 Sketch^ the^ architecture^ of^ Cloud.
18 What^ are^ the^ benefits^ of^ cloud^ computing? ● Simplicity ● Scalability ● Vendors ● Security 19 What is Google app engine? Google app engine is a SaaS provider which was introduced in 2008. It was quite unique cloud system compared to other systems. It provides platform to create applications. It provides infrastructure for hosting. Many high level services which needs to be build are available when using an App Engine. 20 What is SPI? The acronym for SPI stands for three major services provided through the cloud. They are as follows,
- Software as a Service ( SaaS )
- Platform as a Service ( PaaS )
- Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS ) 21 What is business on demand? Business On Demand is not just about utility computing as it has a much broader set of ideas about the transformation of business practices, process transformation, and technology implementations. The essential characteristics of on-demand businesses are responsiveness to the dynamics of business, adapting to variable cost structures, focusing on core business competency, and resiliency for consistent availability. 22 What are the three communication patterns? There are three communication patterns: 1.Human to Human (H to H)
- Human to Thing (H to T)
- Thing to Thing (T to T) 23 Define Clusters of Cooperative Computers. A computing cluster consists of interconnected stand-alone computers which work cooperatively as a single integrated computing resource. A computer cluster is a set of loosely or tightly connected computers that work together so that, they can be viewed as a single system.
UNIT- II Cloud Enabling Technologies Service Oriented Architecture – REST and Systems of Systems – Web Services – Publish- Subscribe Model – Basics of Virtualization – Types of Virtualization – Implementation Levels of Virtualization – Virtualization Structures – Tools and Mechanisms – Virtualization of CPU -Memory – I/O Devices -Virtualization Support and Disaster Recovery.. UNIT-II PART - A 1 What is mean by service oriented architecture?(Nov/ Dec 2018) In grids/web services, Java, and CORBA, an entity is, respectively, a service, a Java object, and a CORBA distributed object in a variety of languages. These architectures build on the traditional seven Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layers that provide the base networking abstractions. On top of this we have a base software environment, which would be .NET or Apache Axis for web services, the Java Virtual Machine for Java, and a broker network for CORBA. 2 Define the term web service (Nov/Dec 2018). ● A web service is any piece of software that makes itself available over the internet and uses a standardized XML messaging system. XML is used to encode all communications to a web service. For example, a client invokes a web service by sending an XML message, then waits for a corresponding XML response. ● The OGSA uses Web services technologies like WSDL, SOAP, and WSIL to abstract platform and implementation differences, giving transparent access to grid services. It describes a system that normally consists of a few persistent and potentially many transient services 3 What are the objectives of OGSA? ● Manage resources across distributed heterogeneous platforms ● Support QoS-oriented Service Level Agreements (SLAs). ● Provide a common base for autonomic management ● Define open, published interfaces and protocols for the interoperability of diverse resources. 4 Define “OGSA” ?(Apr/May 2017) Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) is a set of standards defining the way in which information is shared among diverse components of large, heterogeneous grid systems. In this context, a grid system is a scalable wide area network (WAN) that supports resource sharing and distribution.
5 Give the basic operations of VM(Apr/May 2017)
- Multiplexing
- Suspensio n 3.Provision 4.Migration 6 Justify that Web and Web architecture are SOA based.(May/June 2018) Modern IT and web applications are much more complex than the client-server model. Distributed web services, which are set up as service-oriented architectures (SOA), offer many functions and modular functional units, which can be supplemented. With SOAs, business processes can be automated by the involved systems communicating with one another - partly without human intervention - and performing certain tasks. Web Architecture (WA) is a software architecture style that extends service-oriented architecture (SOA) to web-based applications. WA was originally created by many web applications and sites. 7 What is mean by Virtualization? Virtualization is a computer architecture technology by which multiple virtual machines (VMs) are multiplexed in the same hardware machine. The purpose of a VM is to enhance resource sharing by many users and improve computer performance in terms of resource utilization and application flexibility. 9 Define virtual machine monitor. A traditional computer runs with a host operating system specially tailored for its hardware architecture, After virtualization, different user applications managed by their own operating systems (guest OS) can run on the same hardware, independent of the host OS. This is often done by adding additional software, called a virtualization layer. This virtualization layer is known as hypervisor or virtual machine monitor (VMM). 10 Define^ Host^ OS^ and^ Guest^ OS. The guest OS, which has control ability, is called Domain 0, and the others are called Domain U. Domain 0 is a privileged guest OS of Xen. It is first loaded when Xen boots without any file system drivers being available. Domain 0 is designed to access hardware directly and manage devices.
16 Distinguish the physical and virtual cluster.(Dec 2017) / Define the term virual cluster (Nov/Dec 2018) A physical cluster is a collection of servers (physical machines) connected by a physical network such as a LAN. Virtual clusters have different properties and potential applications. There are three critical design issues of virtual clusters: live migration of VMs, memory and file migrations, and dynamic deployment of virtual clusters. 17 What is memory migration? Moving the memory instance of a VM from one physical host to another can be approached in any number of ways. Memory migration can be in a range of hundreds of megabytes to a few gigabytes in a typical system today, and it needs to be done in an efficient manner. The Internet Suspend-Resume (ISR) technique exploits temporal locality as memory states are likely to have considerable overlap in the suspended and the resumed instances of a VM. 18 What^ is^ mean^ by^ host^ based^ virtualization? An alternative VM architecture is to install a virtualization layer on top of the host OS. This host OS is still responsible for managing the hardware. The guest OSes are installed and run on top of the virtualization layer. Dedicated applications may run on the VMs. Certainly, some other applications can also run with the host OS directly. 19 Define KVM. Kernel-Based VM:- This is a Linux para-virtualization system—a part of the Linux version 2.6.20 kernel. Memory management and scheduling activities are carried out by the existing Linux kernel. The KVM does the rest, which makes it simpler than the hypervisor that controls the entire machine. KVM is a hardware-assisted para- virtualization tool, which improves performance and supports unmodified guest OSes such as Windows, Linux, Solaris, and other UNIX variants. 20 Give the role of a VM. (Dec’16) It is a management solution for the VM, that enables the configuration and management of virtualization host, networking and storage resources in order to create and deploy virtual machines. 21 How performance does enhance by virtualizing the data center?(May/June 2018) Virtualization can help to make the data center more efficient. Most data centers are not as efficient as it should be because of low utilization of the data center assets. To ensure maximum efficiency, we must go for virtualization - be it for servers, storage, and other infrastructure.
22 “Although^ virtualization^ is^ widely^ accepted^ today,^ it^ does^ have^ its^ limits”.^ Comment on the statement.(May/June 2018) Yes, because not every application or server is going to work within an environment of virtualization. That means an individual or corporation may require a hybrid system to function properly. This still saves time and money in the long run, but since not every vendor supports virtualization and some may stop supporting it after initially starting it, there is always a level of uncertainty when fully implementing this type of system. 23 What are the types of hypervisor? There are two types of hypervisors: Type 1 (bare-metal) Type 2 (hosted) UNIT-II PART-B 1 a. Explain the trust management in virtual clusters. b. Discuss how virtualization is implemented in different layers. (Apr/May 2017) (^2) Explain implementation levels of virtualization in details. 3 Explain the virtualization for data center automation. (Apr/May 2017) / What is data center? Outline the issues to be addressed with respect to virtualization for data center automation. (Nov/Dec 2018) (^4) Explain the virtualization of CPU, Memory and I/O devices (Nov/Dec 2018) 5 Short notes on a. Para-Virtualization with Compiler Support b. Binary Translation with Full Virtualization(Dec 2017) (^6) Explain the characteristics and types of virtualization in cloud computing. (^7) Explain detail about Service oriented Architecture. (^8) Discuss the REST Ful web services. 9 Write^ short^ notes^ on^ OS^ level^ virtualization.^ List^ the^ pros^ and^ cons^ of^ OS^ level virtualization. 10 i. Write short notes on virtual clusters. ii. Explain Publish Subscribe Model UNIT III Cloud Architecture, Services and Storage Layered Cloud Architecture Design – NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture – Public, Private and Hybrid Clouds – laaS – PaaS – SaaS – Architectural Design Challenges – Cloud Storage – Storage-as-a-Service – Advantages of Cloud Storage – Cloud Storage Providers – S3.
9 What is PaaS? The Platform as a Service model enables the user to deploy user built applications onto a virtualized cloud platform. It includes middleware, database, development tools and some runtime support such as web2.0 and java. It includes both hardware and software integrated with specific programming interface. 10 Difference between SaaS and PaaS(Apr/May’17) Saas ● Here you don’t have to worry about anything. A pre-installed, pre-configured package as per your requirement is given and you only need to pay accordingly. ● It is like a complete package of services ● Most popular among normal consumers or companies who reply on software’s such as email, file sharing and social networking as they don’t have to worry about the technicalities. PaaS ● Here you get what you demand. Software, hardware, OS, web environment. You get the platform to use & pay accordingly. 11 Define Cloud services with example. Any web-based application or service offered via cloud computing is called a cloud Cloud services can include anything from calendar and contact applications to word processing and presentations. 12 Define cloud provider. Cloud Provider: Is a company that offers some component of cloud computing typically infrastructure as a service, software as a Service or Platform as a Service. It is something referred as CSP. 13 What is mean by cloud broker? Cloud Broker: It is a third party individual or business that act as an intermediary between the purchase of cloud computing service and sellers of that service. 14 What is storage networking? Storage networking is the practice of linking together storage devices and connecting them to other IT networks. Storage networks provide a centralized repository for digital data that can be accessed by many users, and they use high speed connections to provide fast performance. The phrase "storage networking" is commonly used in reference to storage area networks (SANs).
15 State any two service provider of SaaS. Some of the service providers are
- Amazon Web services
- Google Apps
- icloud
- Oracle
- Salesforce.com
- Windows Azure 16 What^ is^ cloud^ storage? Cloud storage is a cloud computing model that stores data on the Internet through a cloud computing provider who manages and operates data storage as a service. It’s delivered on demand with just-in-time capacity and costs, and eliminates buying and managing your own data storage infrastructure. This gives you agility, global scale and durability, with ―anytime, anywhere‖ data access. 17 How Does Cloud Storage Work? Cloud storage is purchased from a third party cloud vendor who owns and operates data storage capacity and delivers it over the Internet in a pay-as-you-go model. These cloud storage vendors manage capacity, security and durability to make data accessible to your applications all around the world. Applications access cloud storage through traditional storage protocols or directly via an API. Many vendors offer complementary services designed to help collect, manage, secure and analyze data at massive scale. 18 List^ the^ cloud^ enabling^ technologies. ● Fast platform deployment Virtual clusters on demand ● Multitenant techniques,Massive data processing ● Web scale communication ● Distributed storage ● Licensing and billing services 19 Give the significance of Amazon’s AWS. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a comprehensive, evolving cloud computing platform provided by Amazon.com. Web services are sometimes called cloud services or remote computing services. The growing AWS collection offers over three dozen diverse services including: 1. CloudDrive 2. CloudSearch
- Dynamo Database 4. Elastic Compute Cloud
Pay-as-you-go model. Thus the setting and operating cost is less Cloud possible bursting is also Greater flexibility control the environment to cloud Lesser security as the platform is shared Network complexities and compliance issues Purchase and maintenance has to be bared by the organization Lesser flexibility and control over the cloud environment Can be extremely expensive Expensive than cloud public PART- B 1 Explain the cloud architecture with suitable block diagram. 2 Explain the layered cloud architecture. 3 Write short notes on cloud deployment model. 4 Explain in detail NIST cloud architecture? 5 Compare public cloud with private cloud. 6 Explain the provisioning of storage resources in detail. 7 Explain in detail, the categories of cloud. 8 Discuss about the various challenges during architectural design. 9 Describe Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS) , Software-as-a- Service(SaaS) with an example.( Nov / Dec 2018 ) 10 Explain cloud storage providers in detail and also state the advantages of cloud storage.
UNIT IV RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY IN CLOUD
Inter Cloud Resource Management – Resource Provisioning and Resource Provisioning Methods – Global Exchange of Cloud Resources – Security Overview – Cloud Security Challenges – Software-as-a-Service Security – Security Governance – Virtual Machine Security – IAM – Security Standards. UNIT-IV PART-A 1 What^ are^ challenges^ and^ risk^ of^ cloud^ security? Cloud computing security challenges fall into three broad categories: Data Protection: Securing your data both at rest and in transit User Authentication: Limiting access to data and monitoring who accesses the data. Disaster and Data Breach: Contingency Planning 2 List the security issues in cloud. ● Secure data transfer ● Secure software interfaces ● Secure stored data ● User access control ● Data separation 3 Define security governance. Cloud services governance is a general term for applying specific policies or principles to the use of cloud computing services. The goal of cloud services governance is to secure applications and data when they are located remotely. 4 Define security awareness in cloud. Cloud computing is similar to the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) syndrome. You can fight it all you want, but sooner or later your organization will most likely have to accept it. A common failure with securing the Cloud is that most organizations focus on only the technical controls, such as where is the data stored or when and how is the data encrypted. However, you must also train and educate the very people using this technology or you can expose your organization to tremendous risk. (^5) What are the layers in security architecture design? ● User security and monitoring ● Information security – data ● Application level security ● Platform and infrastructure security
11 List^ the^ threats^ for^ cloud^ computing. ● Abuse and Nefarious Use of Cloud Computing ● Insecure Application Programming Interfaces ● Malicious Insiders ● Shared Technology Vulnerabilities ● Data Loss/Leakage ● Account, Service, and Traffic Hijacking ● Unknown Risk Profile 12 Define blue pill The blue pill is malware that executes as a hypervisor to gain control of computer resources. The hypervisor installs without requiring a restart and the computer functions normally, without degradation of speed or services, which makes detection difficult. 13 What are the host security threats in public IaaS (Dec 2017) ● Stealing keys used to access and manage hosts (e.g., SSH private keys) ● Attacking unpatched, vulnerable services listening on standard ports (e.g., FTP, SSH) ● Hijacking accounts that are not properly secured (i.e., no passwords for standard accounts) ● Attacking systems that are not properly secured by host firewalls ● Deploying Trojans embedded in the software component in the VM or within the VM image (the OS) itself 14 List the Public Cloud Security Limitations ● There are limitations to the public cloud when it comes to support for custom security features. Security requirements such as an application firewall, SSL accelerator, cryptography, or rights management using a device that supports PKCS 12 are not supported in a public SaaS, PaaS, or IaaS cloud. ● Any mitigation controls that require deployment of an appliance or locally attached peripheral devices in the public IaaS/PaaS cloud are not feasible.
15 Define Data lineage Data lineage is defined as a data life cycle that includes the data's origins and where it moves over time. It describes what happens to data as it goes through diverse processes. It helps provide visibility into the analytics pipeline and simplifies tracing errors back to their sources. 16 Discuss on the application and use of identity and access management. (Dec’16) Identity and Access Management (IAM) is used to manage access to resources by assuring that the identity of an entity is verified, then granting the correct level of access based on the protected resources. 17 Mention the importance of Transport Level Security (Dec’16) Transport Level Security (TLS) entails SOAP messages conveyed over a network connection protected by TLS. TLS provides for both integrity protection and piracy. Transport Level Security is supported today as a higher performance alternative to the more standard driven, message level security. 18 What^ are^ the^ various^ Challenges^ in^ building^ the^ trust^ environment?(Apr/May^ 2017) ● Identification ● Privacy ● Personalization ● Integration ● Security ● Scalability (^19) Identify the trust model based on site’s trust worthiness.(Dec 2017) ● A user job demands the resource site to provide security assurance by issuing a security demand (SD). ● On the other hand, the site needs to reveal its trustworthiness, called its trust index (TI). ● These two parameters must satisfy a security-assurance condition: TI ≥ SD during the job mapping process. ● When determining its security demand, users usually care about some typical attributes. (^20) State how CIA Triad plays a vital role in managing cloud security. (May/June 2018) Confidentiality, integrity and availability, also known as the CIA triad, is a model designed to guide policies for information security within an organization. The model is also sometimes referred to as the AIC triad (availability, integrity and confidentiality) to avoid confusion with the Central Intelligence Agency. The elements of the triad are considered the three most crucial components of security.
