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WEEK 2
● Computer: ○ Input : way to receive something, can be both passive(e.g., sensing the surrounding) or active(e.g., users type in something) ■ Mouse+keyboard, Microphones, Controllers, Sensors(e.g., photo sensors, hall sensors, accelerometers, touch?pressure sensors) ○ Output : show the result of computation result, can be visual, audio, or other forms; can be temporary or permanent ■ Screen, Speaker, Tactile(e.g., vibration, shape-change), Temperature, light ○ Control : a way to determine what to do nextf ○ Memory : store and retrieve info, can be instructions, internal state, and data ○ Data Manipulation : way to panhandle and even modify the sata, based on some instruction/rules ○ Storage : ■ Punch cards, Tapes, discs(magnetism), CDs, DVDs(optical) ○ Processor: ■ Used to be made up of vacuum tubes ■ Now made up of billions of transition
● History of the Computer: ○ First : ■ No need electricity ■ Tabulate logarithms and trignomatric functions ■ Later became “programmable” using punch cards ■ Part of Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1837) ○ Lady Ada Lovelace (1842) : ■ Wrote the first computer prgram (for Charles Babbage analytical engine)
● Milestones of Computer: ○ First programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer built in 1945 : Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) ● Principle investigator: John Ghrist Brainerd ● Started as a military contrast , designed in U of Pennsylvania ● Weighed 27 tons (170 square-meters) ● Used a lot of power (150kW) that shut down the lights of the whole city when used ● About 2400 times faster than a person with desk computer ● Programs needed to be “wired in” from outside ● Use in lab only ○ First commercial available general purpose digital computer introduced in 1951 : ■ Ferranti Mark I (aka Manchester Electronic Computer) ● Produced by the British electronic engineering firm Ferranti Ltd. ● Weighed 4.5 tons, a room size(2x5 m^2)
● Used 2.7 kW of power ● Less powerful than ENIAC ● Indtructions are stored inside cathodic tubes ● Only available for “certain people” ○ Personal Computers: ■ Kenbak-I (1971): first personal computer ● Created by: John V. Blabkenbaker ■ Xerox Alto (1973): first computer to use a mouse, keyboard, with GUI ■ Apple Lisa (1983): first PCs with GUI ■ Macintosh (1984): popularized by Super Bowl ad ● Jef Raskin started this project at apple
● Milestone of networking: ○ Ancient ways of communication: ■ Signal tower (lights & sound) ■ Message Carrier ● Often inaccurate/or reliable ● Takes time ● Limited info were being transmitted ○ Electrical telegraph machine (1837) ■ Point-to-point long distance communication ■ First used by railways to avoid crashes ■ In 1840s used by public to transmit news and other info ● Text-based ○ Facsimile (1843) and telephone (1976) ■ Facsimile (fax) transmitted images and texts ■ Telephone transmitted voice ● Connected through wires ● Circuit-switched network ○ The Internet ■ Inventor of World Wide Web: Timothy John Berners-Lee ■ Began as a global computer network, facilitate exchanges of program and data(1960): Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) ■ Expanded in collaboration with private and commercial parties in 1980s to connect more devices to the network ● Packet-Switched network (TCP/IP) ○ The transfer of small pieces of data acrous various of network ● Provides platform for all kinds of content & services
● Moore’s Law (named after Gordon Moore): ○ An observation discovered the num of transistor in microchips doubles every 2 yrs, due to improve of production in efficiency & experience
○ Trademark - Representations such as logos, names, and brands ■ An exclusive right granted for a sign capable of distinguishing the goods/services from one enterprise to another ● Prevent others from using the sign ● Has to be filed & granted territorial ● Has a wide range of forms, for ex: ○ Logo, combination of words/letters/fonts, sounds, color, even fragrance ○ Industrial/Registered Design - Designs such as images and forms ■ An exclusive right granted for the ornamental aspect of an article (perceived features) ● prevent/stop others from making, selling, or importing articles that bear or embody the design for commercial purposes ● Filed & granted and is territorial ○ Geographical Indication - Names that are associated to a place (e.g., Champagne, Scotch) ■ An exclusive right granted for a sign used on products having a specific geographical origin & processing qualities or reputation due to the origin ● prevent/stop others from using the sign on products that do not conform to the applicable standard ■ Has to be filed & granted and is territorial
● IP will end ○ Copyright lasts for another 50-70 yrs when the creator passes away ○ Patent lasts for 20 yrs from the filing date (can be renewed) ○ Trademark lasts for 10 yrs (can be renewed) ○ Industrial design lasts for 10 yrs (renewable) ○ Geographical design lasts for 10 yrs (renewable) ● The Case of Sherlock Holmes ○ The author. Sir Arthur Conan Dotle, died in 1930 ○ Copyrights lasts for another 50 yrs after the creator dies (70 yrs in US) ○ Most stories are now in public domain, and thus can be used by anyone ● Disney & Copyright Law ○ In 1970, the original US Copytright Law granted author right for 14 yrs + option for a 14-yr renewal ○ In 1909, the duration was changed to 28 yrs + option for a 28-year renewal ■ Mikey mouse first appeared in 1928, meaning it would expire in 1984 ○ In 1979, with the hard lobbying lobbying by Disney, copyright extended 50 years after author dies ■ 2003 of copyright on Mickey Mouse would expired ○ In 1983, Disney continued lobbying, copyright extended to 70 yrs after author dies ■ Now by 2023 the copyright of Mickey Mouse would expire
● Issues with Copyright ○ Since 1988 Warner/ Chapell claimed to have the copyright of the Happy Birthday song, charging everyone $700 per use in the public. In 2013, it turns out they only have a specific arrangement of the song, and now the song is in public domain ● The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) ○ Attempts to bring copyright law in line with the Internet and into compliance with the international copyright agreement the US had signed, passed in 1998 ○ Illegal for customers to: ■ Circumvent encryption schemes placed on digital media to ensure authorized access only ■ Sell or discuss software programs designed to circumvent copy controls ○ Makes institutions liable for: ■ Knowing allow members to illegally exchange or copyrighted digital media ■ Not paying royalty fee to the copyright holder ● Controversies around DMCA:
For Against
- Discourage illegal copying and distributing copyrighted content
- Enables copyright holders to issue takedown notice to unauthorized use of their work
- Protect service providers form copyright infringement so they are not held responsible for their users’ action - Can be abused to illegalize free expression and thus discourage creations - Compromises “fair use” that customers has paid for(linked to right-to-repair) - Many of the technology method to protect copyright(e.g. Watermark, encryption) are bound to fail or cost too much to enable/maintain
● The Ongoing Quest in Maintaining Copyright ○ Attempts to extend duration and extent of copyright (some rejected, some on hold) ■ Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act (COCIA) in 2010 ■ Potect IP Act (PIPA) in 2011 ■ Stop Online Privacy Act (SOPA) in 2011 ○ Trend: ■ Extend from life time to afterlife, number of yr keep increasing ■ Moving from “publshing” to “copying”, from “copies” to “derivative works” ● XBox One case: ○ In 2013, Microsoft announced Xbox One that allowed people to play their games with a disc(cloud-based gaming) ■ Users can not buy & sell used games, or rent games
■ Support might be difficult with complex software or small community ■ Might be valnerable to exploits and malicious use ● Creative Commons (CC) ○ Founded by Lawrence Lessig in 2001 as an American non-profit and international network ■ A free, and standardized way to grant copyright permissions for creative and academic works ■ Multiple Liscence versions ○ Create A Balance inside The Traditional “All Right Reserved” ■ Allow users to refine their copyright to allow nature of use and methods of use
■ Provide 3 layers of liscenses for each type: Legal Code, Human Readable, Machine Redable ○ Pros: ■ Let others use your work but still maintain some rights ■ Easy process (just answer 2 qs) ■ Well-documeted liscenses ■ Gaining popularity in the digital community ○ Cons: ■ Anyone can use your works as long as they do it as the liscence allows, you don’t need to direct contact with anyone ■ You have to explicitly impose the restrictions, when choosing the liscence, it’s free for all default ■ Even when you change the liscenve, those who have access to your work before the change do not have to follow the change Week 5 ● History of Free Speech: ○ Socrates (470-399BC) was accused of disrespecting the gods and corrupting youth’s minds with his ideas. ■ During his trial in 399BC, he saide: “To talk daily about what makes us good, and to question myself and others, is the greatest thing man can do. For the unexamined life is not worth living” ■ He was sentenced to death by poisoning ○ Galileo(1564-1642) was accused of heresy(悖論) for his support for heliocentris(Earth and planets revolve around the sun) ■ During his trial in 1633, he said he had not been teaching this ideas, but admitted in the end that his writings might provide this impression
■ He was sentenced to house arrest and died in his house ● The First Amendment (修訂案) to The United States Constitution: ○ At the time of the Amercan Revolution, any criticism of governments was seen as a threat to public order and could result in fines/or imprisonment ○ In 1791, it was adopted that: ■ “Congress(國會) shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging(刪節) the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances(不 平;委屈)” ○ Known as Freedom of Expression or Free Speech ● Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedom ○ Known as “the Charter”, proceeded by the Canadian Bill of Rights enacted(制定) in 1960 ○ Signed into law in 1982, as part of Section 2 of the Charter: ■ “freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication” ○ Protects also commercial expression (e.g., ads) and picketing ● Freedom of Speech as a Human Right ○ Article 19 of the United Nation’s 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights ■ Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. ○ Out of the 58 UN members, 48 voted in favour, 0 against, 8 abstained, 2 failed to vote or abstain ● Freedom of Expression ○ One of the most cherished and sometimes most controversial rights ○ Original purpose is political: allow open discussion of public issue so the gov can response ■ Extends to non-political speeches ● Ie., scientific discoveries, artistic expression ■ Extends to non-verbal/textual acts & conducts ● Ie., wearing a certain attire ○ Not an absolute right ■ Abusing this freedom or causing harm to the public can still be punished ● For example, cigarette advertising is prohibited on TV, mature content cannot be sold to minors ● Restriction on Freedom of Expression ○ Justified becuz of the greater good for the society(not harmed by the expression): ■ Defamation (毀謗) (Canada has a Libel and Slander Act against it) ■ Fake Speech ■ Child pornography ■ …etc.
● Instant messaging, forums, chat groups, comments,...etc. ■ Use it becuz it’s free ■ Contains more than just ads, sometimes offensive content, scam, space,and time ■ Takes up bandwidth, space, and time ■ Filters are now being created ■ Countries are now having anti-spam laws ● Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) ● US’s Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And Marketing (CAN-SPAM) Act ○ Cyberbullying : ■ A form of bullying and harrasment using electronic means, with the goal of inflicting(遭受) psychological harm on another person ■ Forms: ● Cyberstalking - send repeated messages, impersonate victims and ask others to contact them, imposing fear to the victim ● Trolling - provoke or offend victims to elicit reactions ● Hate raids - flood the victim’s online plateform with hateful messages ● Shaming - post embarrassing photos/videos of victim and disgracing comment against them ■ Common amongst teens but also seen in different age groups ■ Has bad & long term effect on victims (e.g., anxiety, anger, depression, could lead to suicide) ■ Countries are now formulating laws ● Ca has law against a certain set of actions ● Most states in US has local laws at different Lvs ○ Internet Addiction : ■ A form of mental disorder where the user feel compulsed to access the internet ● Excessively long online sessions ● Become angry, tense, depressed when forced away from a device ● Feels the needs to obtain better equipment to enhance experience ■ Gerneral consequences: ● Lack of sleep, strain on eye/back/wrist ● Lack of social contact ■ Can harm others ● Negleting others ● Inattentiveness to activities ■ Not yet regocnized as mental disorder in some places, but some places are now having regulations fighting against it ● Soth Korea has a law prohibiting children under 16 from accessing online games between 12a to 16a
● China has a law requiring online game providers to implement an “anti-online game addiction sys” discouraging players under 18 from play > 3 hrs/day ● Fake News: ○ False or misleading info presented as news ○ Used as early as in the 1890, “popularized” by Donald Trump when describing neg press against him ○ During the 2016 and 2020 Presidential election, social media (e.g., FB, Twitter) and web search engines (e.g., Google) was accused of being complicit in the spread of fake news ● Net Neutrality: ○ Internet Service Provider (ISPs) must treat all Internet communication equally, regardless of content, web, platform, application, physical location of source & destination, and hardware ■ Cannot block/slow down traffic, or charge money, for reasons above ○ Coined(創造;撰寫) by Columbia Uni law prof Tim Wu in a 2003 paper about online discrimination ○ Pros: ■ Maintain freedom of info exchange- ISPs cannot block access content they dont know ■ Promotes competition & innovation- small or starting companies that use Internet will not not be put into disadvantages in accessing online content ■ Safeguard customers from price increases- ISPs cannot charge more for content that are popular, companies do not have to pay extra to get competitive access to the internet ○ Cons: ■ Moderation of content & services availability- majority of internet nowadays arre streaming, which takes up a lot of bandwidth and render other content and services slow and less available ■ Reduction in investment in network infrastructures- ISPs have less incentive to invest in better network if they cannot charge from premium services ■ Inability to make Internet accessible to the poor- neutrality means everyone have the same access regardless of their ability to pay -> no special policy ● Influencers: ○ Celebrities who have acquired or developed a presence and fan base, prompting trends, lifestyle, or attitude ○ Create digital content, get income by: ■ Public appearance ■ Product endorsement ■ Earn revenue from ads and vies ■ Selling online merchandise
● The act of gaining unwarranted access to a person’s physical self and/or personal info is by itself violation of rights ■ A form of freedom a person has- the right to be let alone ● Based on law review written by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis, published in the 1890 Harvard Law Review ● A person is free to do whatever they want with their own affairs that do not involved others ● Privacy Issue Pre-Internet ○ The 1809 law review article. “THe Right to Privacy”, was triggered by a tabloid covering one of the author’s daughter’s wedding, thus violating their privacy ○ Prying eyes ■ Human beings are inherently curious and inquisitive ○ Paparazzi (狗仔隊) ■ Publishing industries appealing to ppl’s interests in the lives of public figures ● Trend in Privacy ○ More Lvs of privacy ■ Tight communities were everyone knows everyone, small group sharing resources ■ Modern society with different relationships: strangers, co-workers, classmates, friends,...etc. ○ More awareness of privacy ■ Policies & debates ○ More debate based on different aspects ■ Personal interest vs public safety ■ Anonymity vs accountability ■ Convenience vs control ● Types of Information: ○ Online Surveys ■ Surveys- asking abt personal info & preferences, attributing to the ability to serve customer better ● Will also be able to form profiles of customer ■ Review requests- send after selling a product or service, attributing to the ability to improve quality of products or services ● Will also be able to use the feedback bargain with the supplier or provider ○ Online Activities ■ Companies keep purchase/search histories to provide recommendations ■ Search history is used to from tailored(訂做的) ads ○ Tags, Mentions, and Likes ■ Tags used to label a person or a place ● Link a person to another person and to a location ● In 2010 about 100 million tags are created everyday ■ Hashtags used to highlight keywords or topics
● Link the poster to a specific type of topic of interest ● In 2010 about 14 million tweets are hashtag-ed everyday ■ Mentions used to include a person in the post ● Link a person to the post ○ Location-Based Services ■ Cell phones are equipped with GPS capabilities for their locations to be tracked ● In US, all active cell phones are required by law to be trackable within 100 m ● Allows the “track my device” function to work ■ Services link location (at a certain time) with customers ● Food/package delivery ● Workout tracking ● Maps ● …etc. ○ Rewards & Loyalty Programs ■ In the past as an incentive for customer to return ● Collect stamps and get rewards/discounts ● Purchase products/services at a “member use” ■ Nowadays also as a way to keep a record of purchase habit ● Typically ties to one’s phone # or email ● Target sales or benefits ● Charge non-members higher instead of members lower ○ Sign Up/In ■ Services requiring setting up an acc ● VR need a FB (Meta) acc ● Microsoft Windows II requires signing in ● Fitness trackers require account creation in apps ● “Log in via” allows login to 3rd party services ○ Future ■ Body scanner- useful for creating more tailored personal clothing ● More biometric data being measured & stored ■ RFID tags/ Implanted chips- useful for medical recor lookup and identification ● Always on, cannot be removed ■ Mobile apps- useful for improving quality of service ● Potentially exploited (Make use of) by malicious (惡意的) apps ■ Smart devices- useful for timely responses or actions ● Always listening, often susceptible to hacking ● WhatsApp Acquisition & Privacy Policy Update ○ In 2014 FB (Meta) acquired WhatsApp for ~USD19.3 billion ○ In Feb 2021, WhatsApp announced a new privacy policy that it can share data with FB ■ Lost million of users after the announcement
■ E.g., users goes to sfu.ca, SFU’s web server costs some cookies that are available for it ○ Third-Party cookies are set by separate web server that the original web embeds its content ■ E.g., a user goes to example.com, there is an ad from as.tracking.com, whose web server set cookies for itself to use ○ Web browsers are now ending third-party cookies support, or block third-party cookies by default ○ The EU Cookie Law (ePrivacy Directive) ■ Passed in 2002 and amended in 2009 ■ Regulate the use of cookies and trackers ■ Websites need to obtain prior consent from users when using cookies ● By provding a consent banner for user to either give or refuse consent to the non-necessary cookies ● US Privacy Laws ○ US Privacy Act of 1974 ■ US citizens have the right to access, copy, and correct data held by the government of agencies ■ Government agencies cannot disclose(透露) those data without written consent of the subject individual ○ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 1996 ■ Control how individual’s health info can be accessed and shared by healthcare providers ○ Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) 1999 ■ Controls how individual’s personal info can be collected and store financial institutions ○ Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) 2000 ■ Online companies cannot collect personal information from 12-and-unders without verifiable parental consent ● The US Patriot Act ○ Based in 2001 in the wake of 911 (2001) ○ Allows law enforcement agencies(執法機構) to interpret phone calls, email, and any other form of communication ■ Pros: increase cooperation between government agencies, easier to catch criminals, prevent future attacks ■ Cons: violates free speech, infringes bill of right, unclear result ○ Since a lot of data are stored in US data centre, there is a concern that they are at risk of access by the US government ● The Canadian Personal Information Protection and Electronic Document Act (PIPEDA) ○ Established in 2000 to promote consumer trust in electronic commerce ○ Required business to guarantees right regari=ding the collection and use of personal data ■ Consent required before collecting ■ Info must be stored securely and accessible/corrected by the individual
■ Info must be used only for the said purpose ■ Business cannot transfer data on Canadian out of the country without providing the same level of protection ● A Balancing Act ○
Week 7
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Week 8
● Forms of Academic Dishonesty ○ Plagiarism- patchwriting, cut/copy, use another person’s work, double submission ○ Exam Cheating- copying, using electronic/crib-sheets when not allowed, impersonation ○ Record falsification- fake admission docs, hacking, fake doctor’s notes ○ Making Materials unavailable- ripping library books, deleting files, …etc. ○ …and others ● What Consititutes Plagiarism ○ Plagiarism involves copying someone else’s ideas, words, figures, equations, …etc., and making them as your own, sometimes even with their consent ○ Can be ■ Intentional - knowing it’s other’s work and making it as your own ● Result in an ‘F’ or “Dishonest” grade, rejection of submission, or expulsion (開除); in work typically result in demotion (降級) or losing the job ■ Inadvertent - failure to reference the work of others, even after paraphrasing. Some typical results as intentional plagiarism
■ Patchwriting is changing a few words or order of words -> plagiarism ● ending/deleting a few words, changing the order of words or phrases, substituting synonyms, and changing grammatical structure of the sentence ● Avoiding Failure of Adaptation ○ Different from failure to using someone’s work(contributing to the work completion ) ■ E.g., you consulted you instructor or TA for ideas, you received feedback from peers/reviewers, you received funding (when writing smth for funded research project) ○ Include those in your Acknowledge section (usually before the referent list) ■ Ex: “I would like to thank John Smith for contributing his expertise in the area of sorting algorithms to this report.”, or “The authors would like to thank the Canadian government for their support through the NSERC Research Grant #123456-78.” ● Avoiding Failure of Collboration : ○ In a group project everyone contributes to the formation of ideas ○ When submitting as a group ■ Make sure all contributors are mentioned (author’s list/ackowlegement) ■ Include a contribution page to indicate who did what ○ When submitting as an individual ■ Write things in your own words ■ Mentioned all contributors (ackowledgements) ■ Include a contributotion page to indicate tasks (if applicable) ● Guide to Avoid Problem ○ Discuss the materials and depen your understanding (even with yourself) ○ Don’t leave with any written (or typed) designed, algorithms, answers, or code ○ With your own acknowledgement, do all the work by yourself (ok if you dont know anything) ○ Do the work and learn the materials. ○ Cite any sources (include page # if has one), same with paraphrase ■ For code cite your source, and type it with your own hands, doesn’t mean you can copy anything/everything ● Explain Instead of Show ○ When someone asks for help, explain/describe how you approach a pb ■ Talk abt the process ■ Use simpler examples , use drawings except the solution is the drawings ■ Ask back abt how they think, what got them stuck
○ The only potential expectation is when you asking for help , then you can consider showing your work (can still just explain it) ● Do Don’t
- Keep your work to yourself
- Use passwords protected storage (e.g., personal Dropbox/Google Drive, SFU Vault) and keep your password safe
- Say no if people ask to see your work
- You are a victim when you let other copy your work - Post your work online (e.g., web) - Copy from elsewhere - Give up and ask other to do it for you, in part or in total - Wait until last few days to do assignments
● How Are Assignments Graded? ○ TA will know each other and will mark groups of assignments ■ High chance that uplicate answers will be noticed ○ Search internet with suspicious text/or code ■ If you can find it online so can they ○ Use software tool to scan all assignments ■ Powerful automated tool professionally made, used by many ● How Are Exams Being Designed? ○ Create multiple versions ■ Correct answers for your question might not be the same for others ○ Required doctor’s note in case of illness, or note form authorized entity for other special cases ■ Only with compelling reasons will warrant for a makeup exam (or other form of assessment) ○ Using the schedule from the registe office ■ Announced way ahead for you to prepare, avoid time conflicts ● SFU Academic Integrity Expectations ○ Upholding academic integrity is a condition of continued membership in the uni community. The student integrity policy defines the basic responsibilities of students in policy S10. ○ An academic culture has its own unique norms and expectations. These include bu tnot limited to: ■ Building on the work of others and giving credit to those whose ideas or words you use (citation). This facilitates knowledge sharing ■ Explaining your reasoning when you come to conclusion; your instructor want to hear your “voice”
