CNPR, NAPSR Exam 2025, Exams of Nursing

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Adjuvants - ANSWER-a substance that enhances the actions of drug antigen; second form of treatment in addition to primary care examples: chemo in

addition to surgery Cytokines are produced mainly by the leukocytes (white blood cells) - ANSWERtrue The "engine of innovation," focused on discovering or inventing promising new product.

• ANSWER-Research & Development Retrovirus - ANSWER-Integrates genes to hose chromosomes, change of long term stability This includes supply chain, manufacturing, trade, and distribution functions of the business. - ANSWER- Manufacturing & Operations

formulary - ANSWER-List of prescription drugs approved by insurance coverag Epidemiology - ANSWER-The study of how factors influence disease and health in human populations Sponsor - ANSWER-The organization or individual that initiates the trial and finances the study Drug Discovery - ANSWER-• Unlike small molecule drugs (pharmaceuticals), large molecule drugs (biopharmaceuticals) are mainly protein- based o These proteinbased drugs are similar to natural biological compounds found in human body or they're fragments that mimic active part of

natural compounds Discovery of Pharmaceuticals - ANSWERcommences w/ scanning hundreds of compounds, whether w/ actual materials (irrational approach) or virtual simulations (rational approach)

• Pharmaceuticals are new chemical entities (NCE) and are produced (synthesized) in manufacturing plants using techniques based on chemical reactions of reactants Discovery of Biopharmaceuticals - ANSWER- researchers have to examine compounds w/in humans o Ex. Hormones or other biological response modifiers and how they affect biological processes o In some cases, study

• Therapeutic→ antibodies
• Replacement therapy→ hormones, growth factors Biologics - ANSWER-FDA definition is: o Biological product subject to licensure under Public Health Service Act is any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, a blood component or derivative, allergenic produce, or analogous product, applicable to prevention, treatment or cure of diseases or injuries to humans. Biological products include, but are not limited to, bacterial and viral vaccines, human blood and plasma and their derivatives, and certain products produced by biotechnology, such as

interferons and erythropoietins. Biologics encompass many different protein-based drugs, and include blood products such as clotting factors extracted from blood. Vaccines - ANSWER-• Basis of vaccination is that administering small quantity of a vaccine (antigen that has been treated) stimulates our immune system and causes antibodies to be secreted to react against foreign antigen

• Later in life, when we encounter another exposure to same antigen, our immune system will evoke a memory response and activate defense mechanisms by generating antibodies to combat invading antigen

Attenuated Vaccines - ANSWER-• Virulence of pathogen that can be reduced in number of ways

• By chemical treatment, by temperature adaptation, or by growing pathogen in specified other than natural host (passaging)
• Advantages are low cost preparation, elicit desired immunological response, and normally single dose is sufficient • Disadvantages are potential to revert to virulence and limited shelf life

Killed or Inactivated Vaccines - ANSWER• Chemical and temperature treatment are normally used to kill or inactivate pathogen

• Formaldehyde treatment most common method
• Other chemicals used are phenol and acetone
• Another method is to irradiate pathogen to render it inactive • Advantages are non-reversal to virulence and relatively stable shelf life • Disadvantages are

processes for complete inactivation and there is possiblity of reduced immunological response due to treatment processes so multiple booster vaccinations may be required) New Vaccines - ANSWER-• Advances in genomics, molecular biology and recombinant technology has provided new directions for discovery, development and manufacture of vaccines

• Current approach is minimalist strategy to decouple virulence and immunity functions

• Aim is to use only immunity part to confer protection, so vaccine is safe to be administered
• Approach can be divided into subunit, vector-based, DNA and peptide vaccines Subunit Vaccines - ANSWER-• Use only part of bacteria or virus instead of entire pathogen
• Part is derived from outside envelope protein of pathogen
• Requires knowledge of genome sequence of pathogen by identifying open reading frames (ORF) that

o Also working on multiple epitope subunit vaccines which can provide different antigenic binding sites Vector- based Vaccines - ANSWER-• Viruses and bacteria are detoxified and used as vehicles to carry vaccines • Subunit vaccines are being delivered by carrier vehicles to elicit immune response

• Multiple types of envelope proteins can be delivered w/ this method • Clinical trials w/ this type of vectorbased vaccines are being investigated DNA Vaccines - ANSWER-• Aka nucleic vaccines or genetic immunization • Host (patient) is directly injected w/ selected viral genes which contain engineered DNA sequences that code for antigens •

Hosts own cells take up these genes and express antigens which are then presented to immune cells and activate immune response Peptide Vaccines - ANSWER-• Chemically synthesized and normally consist of 8-24 amino acids

• Relatively small
• Aka peptidomimetic vaccines as they mimic epitopes
• Complex structures of cyclic components, branched chain or other configurations can be built into peptide chain
• They possess conformations similar to epitopes and can be recognized by immune

• Mineral oil emulsions normally adjuvants used in animal studies • Adjuvant known as Freund's Complete Adjuvant consists of killed tubercle bacilli in water-inmineral oil emulsion
• Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant is waterin-oil emulsion

Both effective in stimulating immune response but cause unacceptable side effects in humans 3 Mechanisms Adjuvants Help Immune Response - ANSWER-• Adjuvants help immune response by forming reservoirs of antigens and providing sustained release of antigens over long period • Adjuvants act as non-specific mediators of immune cell function by stimulating or modulating immune cells • Adjuvants can serve as vehicles to deliver antigen to spleen and/or lymph nodes where immune response is initiated Alzheimer's Disease - ANSWER-• Vaccine being tested contains small