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Understanding Collision and Broadcast Domains in Computer Networking, Study notes of Communication

University of CambridgeCommunication

An explanation of collision and broadcast domains in computer networking. It covers the concepts at Layer 1 (physical layer) with devices like hubs and repeaters, Layer 2 (data link layer) with bridges and switches, and Layer 3 (network layer) with routers and layer 3 switches. how these devices affect collision and broadcast domains.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/27/2022

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Computer Networking & Communication 4th Class Arranged By: Dr.Ahmed Chalak Shakir
Page 1 of 5 (Kirkuk University, College of Science, Computer Science Dept.)
Collision & Broadcast Domain
A collision domain is a section of a network where data packets can collide
with one another when being sent on a shared medium or through repeaters,
particularly when using early versions of Ethernet. A network collision occurs
when more than one device attempts to send a packet on a network segment
at the same time.
A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all
nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer.
LAYER 1 - PHYSICAL LAYER
Devices - Hubs, Repeaters
Collision Domain: As you might have studied both these devices just forward
the data as it is to all the devices that are connected to them after attenuating
it (making it stronger so that it travels more distance). All the devices fall in
the SAME COLLISION DOMAIN because two or more devices might send
the data at the same time even when we have CSMA/CD working. So, the
data can collide and nullify each other that way no one gets nothing.
Broadcast Domain: These devices don't use any type of addressing schemes
to help them forward the data like MAC or IP addresses. So, if a PC A sends
something for PC B and there are also C,D and E PC's connected to the hub
then all the devices i.e. B,C,D and E would receive the data ( Only PC B
accepts it while others drop it ). This is what is being in a single
BROADCAST DOMAIN.
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Collision & Broadcast Domain

A collision domain is a section of a network where data packets can collide with one another when being sent on a shared medium or through repeaters, particularly when using early versions of Ethernet. A network collision occurs when more than one device attempts to send a packet on a network segment at the same time.

A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer.

LAYER 1 - PHYSICAL LAYER

Devices - Hubs, Repeaters

Collision Domain: As you might have studied both these devices just forward the data as it is to all the devices that are connected to them after attenuating it (making it stronger so that it travels more distance). All the devices fall in the SAME COLLISION DOMAIN because two or more devices might send the data at the same time even when we have CSMA/CD working. So, the data can collide and nullify each other that way no one gets nothing.

Broadcast Domain: These devices don't use any type of addressing schemes to help them forward the data like MAC or IP addresses. So, if a PC A sends something for PC B and there are also C,D and E PC's connected to the hub then all the devices i.e. B,C,D and E would receive the data ( Only PC B accepts it while others drop it ). This is what is being in a single BROADCAST DOMAIN.

LAYER 2 - DATA LINK LAYER

Devices: Bridges, Switches

Collision Domain: Unlike the layer 1 devices, here, the layer 2 devices break up the collision domain. This means, suppose 4 devices are connected to a 12 port switch. Now, each of these devices is in a separate collision domain. In our case since we have 4 devices or PC's connected to 4 switch ports then we have here 4 collision domains. The switch being a 12 port one, it can provide us with 12 collision domains. Remember, ONE PORT ONE COLLISION DOMAIN, TWO PORT TWO COLLISION DOMAINS and so on.

Broadcast Domain: Like the layer 1 devices, the layer 2 devices fall into the category of being no able to break the broadcast domain. For example - 4 devices connected to a switch make 4 collision domains like we saw above but all these devices are still in one broadcast domain, BY DEFAULT. By default means that right out of the box the switch won't divide the broadcast domain, however, you can configure VLAN's in order for the switch to divide the BROADCAST DOMAIN.

All the above applies for bridges as well however, you don't see bridges anymore. Like repeaters were replaced by hubs as the latter was multiport and could support more devices, the same happened with bridges as they were replaced by switches since the latter were multiport.