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FOSSIL FUELS
85% of the world’s
commercial energy
COAL COAL
FOSSIL FUELS
85% of the world’s
commercial energy
COAL
NATURAL GAS OIL
COAL
NATURAL GAS OIL
Generating Electricity
For many years, we have generated electricity in much the same way:
We can also use the heat from NUCLEAR REACTIONS to make the steam. Nuclear fuels become hot without burning but the most commonly used fuels are burned to make heat. These are:
COAL, OIL and NATURAL GAS (Methane)
These fuels were dug out of the ground. They had taken millions of years to make and so are called FOSSIL FUELS and are NON- RENEWABLE.
COAL
Made from the remains of plants which died millions of years ago
OIL and NATURAL GAS (Methane) Made from the decayed remains of sea creatures which died millions of years ago
Even though it was not made from dead plants or animals, nuclear fuel is considered to be a fossil fuel because it comes from the ground and is running out.
All these fossil fuels are running out and burning them increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which increases the GREENHOUSE EFFECT, causing GLOBAL WARMING.
Some fossil fuels contain SULPHUR and when they burn this becomes SULPHUR DIOXIDE, a poisonous gas which reacts with water in the atmosphere to form SULPHURIC ACID or ACID RAIN.
To solve the problems of fossil fuels, we need to develop: RENEWABLE FUELS such as BIOMASS (Wood etc). Quick-growing plants can be burnt in power stations instead of fossil fuels but plants can also be grown to produce oils or sugars to make alcohol which can be used as a fuel like petrol.
RENEWABLE forms of energy such as:
Wind
Hydroelectric schemes
These use the GPE of water on hills to generate electricity as it flows downhill.
Special versions of this can be used to produce energy quickly on demand.
Tidal Power. (^) Solar
Acidity of rain
- pH of 6.0pH of 6.
- pH < 5.
Effects on air
- Greenhouse gases
- 3/4 sulfur dioxide
- 1/3 nitrogen oxides
- 1/2 carbon dioxide
- Toxics
Kuwait oil well fires, 1991
Kuwait oil well fires, 1991
Nigerian women protest, 2002
Ijaw women
occupy Chevron
oil docks
Protest against pollution,
lack of local jobs
Protest against pollution,
lack of local jobs
Pakistan Energy ScenarioPakistan Energy Scenario
Pakistan energy requirements potentially huge:
- Sixth largest country in the world, with its growing population to exceed 190m by 2015.
- Rising population incomes per capita energy use and
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- Rising population, incomes, per capita energy use, and industrialization translate to high energy demand growth (total primary energy supply expected to triple or quadruple by 2025).
- Serious economic and development implications, as energy deficit Pakistan faces increasing energy import cost, with few medium term solutions to supply shortfalls
Pakistan Current Power Generation MixPakistan Current Power Generation Mix
Electricity Generation 2007- Total 95,860 GWh
Hydel 29.96% Oil 32 16%
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Nuclear & Imported 3.41%
Gas 34.37%
Coal 0.10%
32.16%
Source: Pakistan Energy Outlook 2007 – 2008 to 2021 – 2022 – Petroleum Institute of Pakistan
Usage ofUsage of Coal isCoal is negligiblenegligible
OptionsOptions
- Continue Importing Furnace Oil leading to increasing import bill.
- Improve and identify Alternate/Renewable Energy
- Develop Hydel Projects
- Minimize T&D Losses and take efficiency improvement measures
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Minimize T&D Losses and take efficiency improvement measures.
- Exploit indigenous resources, such as Thar Coal which has a generation potential of 100,000 MW consuming 536 million tonnes/year (Enough resources for more than three centuries). - Total reserve is equivalent to 50 billion tone of oil (more than Iran and Saudi Arabia combined oil reserves) or over 2000 TCF of Gas (42 times greater than total gas reserves discovered in Pakistan so far)
Pakistan’s Coal ReservesPakistan’s Coal Reserves
SindhSindh
185,457 million tonnes
PunjabPunjab
235 million tonnes
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BalochistanBalochistan
217 million tonnes
NWFPNWFP
90 million tonnes
Azad KashmirAzad Kashmir
9 million tonnes
Thar
Neyvelli lignite 7: Heating value = 5200 Btu/lb Total generation = 2, MW
COMPARISON OF STRIPPING RATIO, HEATING VALUE &COMPARISON OF STRIPPING RATIO, HEATING VALUE &
GENERATION OF LIGNITE IN OTHER COUNTRIESGENERATION OF LIGNITE IN OTHER COUNTRIES
India
Rhineland lignite 4.9:1 (m3:t) Heating value = 4,514 to 11054 Btu / lb Total generation = 10,289 MW
Germany
Lignite 6: Heating Value: 6200 ~ 11, Btu/lb Total generation = 0 MW
Hungary lignite 9: (m3:t) Heating value = 3, Btu / lb Total generation = 1, MW
Hungary
THAR COAL
THANK YOU
(^28) 28
THANK YOU
