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Com 102
Identify and describe three communications models. How are the three models different? What are the elements that compose them? - The three communication models are action, interaction, and transaction models. in the action communication model a sender encodes a message and conveys it through a communication channel for a receiver to decode. In the interaction model it explains that our messages are shaped by the feedback we receive from others and by the context in which we are interacting. In the transaction model of communication it recognizes that both people in a conversation are simultaneously senders and receivers. In the action model of communication it is composed of 7 elements the source, encode, message, channel, decode, receiver, and noise. In the interaction model it is composed of two elements feedback and context, in the transaction model it is composed of two elements senders and receivers simultaneously. Through what processes do we develop our identities? - Through reflected appraisal which is the process whereby a person's self-concept is influenced by his or her belief's concerning what other people think of the person, and social comparison which the process of comparing oneself with others. What is a stigma? - A characteristic that discredits a person, making him or her be seen as abnormal or undesirable. What is a symbol? When we are presented with a symbol, where does its meaning come from? - A symbol is a representation of an idea, it comes from the people and groups who use these symbols. Define instrumental needs. - Practical everyday needs. Define physical needs. - The need to communicate for your mental and physical; health. Define spiritual needs. - includes the principles valued in life, and encompasses people's morals, or their notions about right and wrong. Define relational needs. - The need for companionship and affection, relaxation and escape
Define explicit and implicit rules. - Explicit rules are rules about behavior that has been clearly articulated, implicit rules are rules about behavior that have not been clearly articulated but is nonetheless understood. What are the necessary characteristics of interpersonal communication? - Interpersonal communication occurs between two people, interpersonal communication occurs within a relationship, interpersonal communication evolves within relationships and interpersonal communication negotiates and defines relationships. What is self-monitoring? - Self-monitoring is the awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others. What is cognitive complexity? - Cognitive complexity is the ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways. Define the two dimensions of interpersonal communication. - It involves two people and it evolves and helps them to negotiate and define their relationship. Define communication competence and identify its attributes. - Communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate for the given situation. self-monitoring, adaptability, empathy, cognitive complexity, and ethics. What is the difference between high-context and low-context cultures? - low context-cultures is a culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally and high-context cultures is a culture in which verbal communication is often ambiguous, and meaning is drawn from contextual cues such as facial expressions and tone of voice. What is the difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures? - A individualistic culture is a culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself and collectivistic cultures are cultures that places greater emphasis on loyalty to the family, workplace, or community than on the needs of the individual. What is the difference between high-power-distance and low-power-distance cultures? - A high-power- distance culture is a culture in which much or most of the power is concentrated in a few people, such as royalty or a ruling political party. And a low power-distance culture is a culture in which power is not highly concentrated in specific groups of people
Identify and define the three fundamental interpersonal needs described by Shutz. - The three fundamental interpersonal needs are the need for control, the need for inclusion, and the need for affection. What is self-esteem, and what are the characteristics associated with high self-esteem? - Self-esteem is one's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person. Being more outgoing and willing to communicate, Being more willing to try after failing a task Define face, and describe the three kinds of face needs. - Face is described as a person's desired image, Fellowship face- The need to feel liked and accepted by others. Autonomy face- The need to avoid being imposed upon by others. Competence face- The need to be respected and viewed as competent and intelligent. What attributes define self-disclosure? - Self-disclosure is intentional and truthful, Self-disclosure varies in breadth and depth, self-disclosure varies among relationships Define reciprocity. - A social expectation that resources and favors provided to one person in a relationship should be reciprocated by that person. Define the social penetration theory. - Is a theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth In reference to self-disclosed information, what is meant by the breadth and depth dimensions? - Breadth is defined as the range of topics about which one person self-discloses information, and Depth is the intimacy of the topics about which one person self-discloses to another. Define perception and interpersonal perception - Perception is the process of making meaning from the things we experience in the environment, and interpersonal perception is the process of making meaning from the people in our environment and our relationships with them. identify and define the three stages of the perception process. - Selection is the process of attending to a stimulus, organization is the process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention, and interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized.
Define perceptual schema, and identify and describe the four kinds - To classify a stimulus your mind applies a perceptual schema to it, or a mental framework for organizing information. The four kinds are physical constructs which emphasize people's appearance causing us to notice objective characteristics such as height, age, ethnicity, and body shape. Role constructs which emphasize people's social or professional position. Interaction constructs emphasize people's behavior, so we notice that a person's outgoing, aggressive, shy, sarcastic, or considerate. Psychological constructs emphasize people's thoughts and feelings, causing us to perceive that a person is angry, self-assured, insecure, envious, or worried. Define stereotype, and describe the three-part process by which we form stereotypes. - Stereotype is a generalization about groups of people that are applied to individual members of those groups. First we identify a group we believe another person belongs, Second we recall some generalizations others often make about the people in that group Third we apply that generalization to the person. What influences affect our perceptual accuracy? - Know yourself, Focus on others' characteristics: The influence of gender and culture, Consider the context. define attribution, and identify and describe the three kinds of attribution errors. - Attribution is an explanation for an observed behavior. Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes, Fundamental attribution is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal rather than external causes. Overattribution is the tendency to attribute a range of behaviors to a single characteristic of a person. Define the primacy effect. - The tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions when forming a perception Define the recency effect. - The tendency to emphasize the most recent impressions over earlier impressions when forming a perception Define perceptual set. - A predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive Define positivity bias and negativity bias. - Positivity bias the tendency to focus heavily on a person's positive attributes when forming a perception, and negativity bias is the tendency to focus heavily on a person's negative attributes when forming a perception.
