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Comparative Literature Style Guide
The Comparative Literature ( CL ) Style Guide comprises three parts: the first part is a style sheet of rules particular to Comparative Literature ; the “Duke University Press Journals Style Guide” offers general rules based on The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) , 17th ed.; and the third part details documentation guidelines for the preparation of citations and reference lists. For issues not covered in this guide, please refer to The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. and Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary , 11th ed.
Comparative Literature Style Sheet
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgments are made in the first person and appear as a first unnumbered footnote on the first page of the article.
CONTRIBUTOR’S NOTE
CL articles do not include a contributor’s note. The author’s academic affiliation is given at the end of the article.
EMPHASIS
If italics are added to a quoted passage for emphasis, the passage must be followed by “(emphasis mine)” or “(emphasis added).” The author does not need to indicate “(emphasis in original)” when italics appear in the original extract.
EPIGRAPHS
CL only allows epigraphs at the beginning of the essay, not before sections. Epigraphs must be directly referred to or analyzed in the body of the essay unless they are in the public domain or the author has obtained permission to use them.
FOOTNOTES
All footnotes (typed as endnotes in the manuscript) must be discursive (that is, not limited to documenting a source or sources). They should be limited in number and typically include relevant material that cannot conveniently be included in the text. Any material central to the main argument of the essay should be included in the text.
SECTION HEADINGS (SUBHEADS)
CL allows two types of breaks in essays: section breaks with subheads; and section breaks indicated by three asterisks. Subheads are set in boldface. The first paragraph after a subhead is indented.
TRANSLATIONS
All passages in languages other than English should be accompanied by a translation. If the translations are the author’s own, that fact should be indicated in a footnote; if from a published source, that source should be identified and included in the list of Works Cited.
Block Quotations The original should appear first, with the source for the original in parentheses after the final period of the quotation. The English translation, with source cited the same way, should always come second.
Translations within the Text If the translation is the author’s own:
“original version of the quotation” (source of the quotation; English translation of the quotation). There should be no quotation marks surrounding the English translation.
For example,
Céline even compares Proust’s style to the Talmud: both are “tortueux, arabescoïde, mosaïque désordonnée” (180; tortuous, arabescoid, a chaotic mosaic).
If the translation is from another source:
“original version of the quotation” (source of the quotation; “English translation of the quotation,” source of the translation). In this case the English translation is enclosed in quotation marks.
For example,
The narrator explains: “progenuit tellus ignotum nomine Ligdum, / ingenua de plebe virum; nec census in illo / nobilitate sua maior” (9:670–72; “Though the son / of humble parents, Ligdus was freeborn. / And like his lineage, his property / Was modest,” Mandelbaum 316).
After a Colon If the material introduced by a colon consists of more than one sentence, or if it is a
quotation or a speech in dialogue, it should begin with a capital letter. Otherwise, it
begins with a lowercase letter. See CMS 6.63.
Quotations
Silently correct initial capitalization in quotations depending on the relationship of the
quotation to the rest of the sentence (see CMS 13.19). For instance:
Smith stated that “we must carefully consider all aspects of the problem.”
but Smith stated, “We must carefully consider all aspects of the problem.”
A lowercase letter following a period plus an ellipsis should be capitalized if it begins a
grammatically complete sentence (CMS 13.53).
The spirit of our American radicalism is destructive.... The conservative movement... is timid, and merely defensive of property.
Terms
A down (lowercase) style is generally preferred for terms. See CMS, chap. 8, for detailed guidelines on capitalization of terms.
Titles of Works
For titles in English, capitalize the first and last words and all nouns, pronouns,
adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions ( if , because , that , etc.).
Lowercase articles ( a , an , the ), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions (regardless of
length). The to in infinitives and the word as in any function are lowercased.
For hyphenated and open compounds in titles in English, capitalize first elements;
subsequent elements are capitalized unless they are articles, prepositions, or
coordinating conjunctions. Subsequent elements attached to prefixes are lowercased
unless they are proper nouns. The second element of hyphenated spelled‐out numbers
or simple fractions should be capitalized. If a compound (other than one with a
hyphenated prefix) comes at the end of the title, its final element is always capitalized.
Nineteenth‐Century Literature
Avoiding a Run‐In Policies on Re‐creation
Reading the Twenty‐Third Psalm
When titles contain direct quotations, the headline‐capitalization style described above
and in CMS should be imposed.
“We All Live More like Brutes than Humans”: Labor and Capital in the Gold Rush
In capitalizing titles in any non‐English language, including French, capitalize the first
letter of the title and subtitle and all proper nouns. See CMS 11.70 and 11.39 for the
treatment of Dutch and German titles, respectively. Diacritical marks on capital letters
are retained in all languages.
CONTRIBUTOR’S NOTE
Each contributor’s note includes the author’s name, rank, affiliation, areas of activity or
research, and most recent works. Dates of publication, but not publishers’ names, are
given for books.
Rebecca Newman is professor of history at the University of Chicago. She is author of In the Country of the Last Emperor (1991).
Yingjin Zhang teaches Chinese literature at Indiana University. His book Configurations of the City in Modern Chinese Literature is forthcoming.
DATES AND TIMES. See also NUMBERS
For more information, see CMS 9.29–38.
May 1968
May 1, 1968 May 1–3, 1968
on February 8, 1996, at 8:15 a.m. and again at 6:15 p.m. September–October 1992
from 1967 to 1970 1960s counterculture; sixties [ not 60s or ’60s] counterculture
the 1980s and 1990s mid‐1970s American culture
the mid‐nineteenth century [note hyphen, not en dash] the late twentieth century; late twentieth‐century Kenya
the years 1896–1900, 1900–1905, 1906–9, 1910– “The Audacity of His Enterprise: Louis Riel and the Métis Nation That Canada Never Was, 1840–1875” [use full year range in titles of works and headings] AD 873; the year 640 BC; Herod Antipas (21 BCE–39 CE) [use full caps without periods for era designations] ca. 1820
Make a distinction between that (restrictive) and which (nonrestrictive) but not obsessively (i.e., if making the distinction means that there will be several that s in a row,
allow a restrictive which ).
Maintain parallel structure.
Maintain subject‐verb agreement and tense consistency.
INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE
Avoid sexist language and terms that are gender specific ( chairman , mankind , etc.). Use
gender‐neutral alternatives, including recasting to plural or using singular they , rather than he or she constructions. Never allow the form s/he. Avoid alternating the use of
masculine and feminine pronouns in an article. See CMS 5.251–60 (bias‐free language),
especially 5.255–56, and 5.48 (singular they ).
However, there may be times when the generic masculine pronoun or gendered
language is appropriate or preferred by the author: for example, in discussions of works
of philosophy in which the original author used he , him , man , and the like generically, or if the article’s author intentionally uses female pronouns exclusively or uses alternative
pronouns such as ze.
INITIALS. See ABBREVIATIONS
KEYWORDS. See also ABSTRACTS
Articles that include an abstract should also include three to five keywords. Keywords
should be lowercase (except for names or titles that would otherwise be capitalized) and separated by commas.
Keywords negative affect, self‐portrait, Del LaGrace Volcano, intersex, Polaroid photography
NOTES. See also the section on documentation below.
Avoid callouts for footnotes or endnotes in article titles, in heads, at the ends of
epigraphs, or in figure captions.
Wherever possible, place note callouts at the end of a sentence, or at least at the end of a
clause.
Callouts for footnotes in tables are handled separately.^ Each^ table^ has^ its^ own^ set^ of notes. See the journal’s style sheet for guidance on the format used for callouts (e.g.,
lowercase letters, numerals, or symbols). See also CMS 3.79.
NUMBERS. See also DATES AND TIMES
Cardinal and ordinal whole numbers from one to ninety‐nine (and such numbers
followed by hundred , thousand , million , billion , etc.), any number at the beginning of a
sentence, and common fractions are spelled out. Common fractions are hyphenated as
well. See CMS, chap. 9.
no fewer than six of the eight victims One hundred eighty‐seven people were put to death there during the twenty‐third century BC. attendance was about ninety thousand
at least two‐thirds of the electorate there were two million ballots cast
the population will top between 27.5 and 28 billion
Numbers applicable to the same category, however, are treated alike in the same
context.
no fewer than 6 of the 113 victims Almost twice as many people voted Republican in the 115th precinct as in the 23rd.
Numbers that express decimal quantities, dollar amounts, and percentages are written
as figures.
an average of 2.6 years now estimated at 1.1 billion inhabitants more than $56, or 8 percent of the petty cash
a decline of $0.30 per share
Inclusive page numbers are given as follows (per CMS 9.61):
1–2, 3–11, 74–75, 100–103, 104–9, 112–15, 414–532, 505–16, 600–612, 1499–
Roman numerals are used in the pagination of preliminary matter in books, in family
names and the names of monarchs and other leaders in a succession, in the names of
world wars, in legal instruments, and in the titles of certain sequels.
On page iii Bentsen sets out his agenda.
Neither John D. Rockefeller IV, Elizabeth II, nor John Paul II was born before World War I.
Yet Title XII was meant to rectify not only inequities but iniquities.
Hyphens. See SPELLING AND HYPHENATION
QUOTATIONS. See EXTRACTS
RACIAL AND ETHNIC TERMS
Capitalize terms used to identify people of color or of historically marginalized origins
(e.g., Black , Indigenous ). As a rule, do not capitalize terms used to identify people outside
these groups (e.g., white ). Do not capitalize of color constructions (e.g., people of color ,
women of color ). Exceptions are allowed if the author insists or if the author’s text would
be, in the editor’s view and with the author’s concurrence, well served by alternative treatment. The list that follows is intended to be illustrative, not comprehensive.
Aborigine, Aboriginal
BIPOC [Black, Indigenous, and People of Color] Black, Blackness, anti‐Black, anti‐Blackness
Brown First Nations
Indigenous, Indigeneity Native
white, whiteness
SPELLING AND HYPHENATION
Follow the online Merriam‐Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (https://www.merriam‐
webster.com) and Webster’s Third New International Dictionary for spelling. If more than
one spelling is provided in the dictionary, follow the first form given (e.g., judgment , not judgement ; focused , not focussed ).
For further guidance regarding the hyphenation of compound words, see CMS 7.89.
Common foreign terms are set in roman type. (Common foreign terms are defined as
those with main entries and not classified as “foreign term” in Webster’s .)
Prefixes are hyphenated before numerals and proper nouns. Otherwise, prefixes are
generally not hyphenated before words; refer to Webster’s for guidance. Temporary
compound adjectives are hyphenated before the noun to avoid ambiguity but are left open after the noun. Non‐English phrases used as modifiers are open in any position,
unless hyphenated in the original.
Put neologisms within quotation marks at first use.
A term referred to as the term itself is italicized.
In the twentieth century socialism acquired many meanings.
The word hermeneutics is the most overused term in recent monographs. The term lyricism was misused in Smith’s book review.
TABLES. See FIGURES AND TABLES and NOTES
TRANSLATIONS. See also the section on documentation below.
Non‐English Titles with English Translation When an original non‐English title and its translation appear together in the text, the
first version (whether original or translation) takes the form of an original title, and the
second version is always enclosed in parentheses and treated like a published title
(whether or not the work represents a published translation; contra CMS 11.9) with title
capitalization appropriate to the language.
I read Mi nombre es Roberto ( My Name Is Roberto ) in 1989. I read My Name Is Roberto ( Mi nombre es Roberto ) in 1989.
Rubén Darío’s poem “Azul” (“Blue”) is one of my favorites. Rubén Darío’s poem “Blue” (“Azul”) is one of my favorites.
URLs. See also the section on documentation below.
Use complete URLs when they appear in articles (notes, references, and main text).
Include the protocol ( https or http ) and trailing slash (if it is part of the URL). DOIs
appearing in notes and reference lists are presented as complete URLs. See CMS 14:
for advice on shortening excessively long URLs.
https://doi.org/10.1215/00982601‐ 9467191 https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/covid‐cases.html
https://georgianpapers.com/research‐funding/transcription/
ampersands are spelled out, and numbers are spelled out. URLs, including for DOIs, use “https://” to ensure that links work online (CMS 14.7). For additional guidelines
concerning the treatment of titles, see CAPITALIZATION in the Duke University Press
Journals Style Guide.
Sample References
BOOK
Langford, Gerald. Faulkner’s Revision of “Absalom, Absalom!”: A Collation of the Manuscript and the Published Book. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971. [A book title within a book title is quoted and italicized (CMS 14.94). A main title ending in an exclamation point or a question mark is followed by a colon only if the question mark or exclamation point appears within quotation marks (CMS 14.96).] Midge, Anderson. What Were They Thinking? The Real Lives of the Dichter. New York: Petard, 2002. [Reverse italics (roman type) are used in book titles for terms that would themselves normally be italicized (CMS 8.173, 14.95).] Smith, John. All Tongue‐Tied and Nowhere to Go; or, How to Save Face When They Put You on the Spot. Vail, CO: Slippery Slopes, 2011. [Treatment of double titles, contra the preferred form in CMS 8.167]
E‐BOOK
Begley, Adam. Updike. New York: Harper, 2014. Kindle. [CMS 14.159] Doubtfire, Brenda. Yeah, Right: Skepticism in the Fake News Era. Whynot, NC: Says Who,
- iBooks.
CHAPTER
Dollimore, Jonathan. “Transgression and Surveillance in Measure for Measure .” In Political Shakespeare: New Essays in Cultural Materialism , edited by Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield, 72–87. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. Weinstein, Donald. “ The Art of Dying Well and Popular Piety in the Preaching and Thought of Girolamo Savonarola.” In Tetel, Witt, and Goffen 88–104. [A shortened form is used for chapters from collections that are also included in the reference list.]
PREFATORY MATTER
Brown, Marshall. Preface to The Uses of Literary History , edited by Marshall Brown, vii–x. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.
EDITED WORK
Navarre, Marguerite de. L’heptaméron. Edited by Michel François. Paris: Garnier, 1967. Tetel, Marcel, Ronald G. Witt, and Rona Goffen, eds. Life and Death in Fifteenth‐Century Florence. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989.
REPRINT
Williams, Theodore. The Art of Porcelain during the Late Ming Dynasty. 1905; repr., New York: Grove, 1974. [The date of first publication is followed by the facts of publication for the reprint edition (CMS 14.114).]
TRANSLATION
Valéry, Paul. The Art of Poetry. Translated by Denise Folliot. New York: Pantheon, 1958.
FOREIGN‐LANGUAGE WORK
Ayzland, Reuven. From Our Springtime (in Yiddish). New York: Inzl, 1954. Dachuan, Sun. Jiujiu jiu yici ( One Last Cup of Wine ). Taipei: Zhang Laoshi Chubanshe,
- [This form is recommended for works in languages relatively unfamiliar to the journal’s expected readership. The translated title uses italics and headline capitalization (contra CMS 11.9)—in other words, it is treated as if it named a published translation even if it does not.]
MULTIVOLUME WORK
Foucault, Michel. An Introduction. Vol. 1 of The History of Sexuality. Translated by Robert Hurley. 3 vols. London: Penguin, 1990. Hooker, Joseph. Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. Edited by Georges Edelen, W. Speed Hill, P. G. Stanwood, and John E. Booty. 4 vols. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977–82. [If there are ten editors or fewer, all are listed by name; if more than ten, the first is listed by name, followed by “et al.” (CMS 14.76).]
MULTIAUTHOR WORK
Dewey, Alfred, John Cheatham, and Elias Howe. Principles of Commerce during the Early Industrial Revolution. Birmingham, UK: Steamer, 2003. Gustafson, Albert K., Jonas Edwards, Ezra Best, and Nathan Wise. If I Were a Rich Man: Comparative Studies of Urban and Rural Poverty. Murphy, WI: Fore and Aft, 1985. [If there are ten authors or fewer, all are listed by name in a reference; if more than ten, the first is listed by name, followed by “et al.” (CMS 14.76).]
ANONYMOUS WORK. See also UNSIGNED ARTICLE
A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. London,
- [The title appears in place of the author; “Anonymous” or “Anon.” is not used. For purposes of alphabetization an initial article is ignored (CMS 14.79).]
UNDATED WORK
Kloman, Harry. n.d. “Introduction.” The Gore Vidal Index. https://www.pitt.edu/~kloman/vidalframe.html (accessed July 27, 2003).
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE , PRINT
DeParle, Jason. “Whither on Welfare: Even Though They Please Moynihan, Clinton’s Actions Are Far from Bold.” New York Times , February 3, 1993. [No page number is required (CMS 14.191).]
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE , ONLINE
Associated Press. “Jackson Arrested at Yale after Protest Backing Strike.” Washington Post , September 2, 2003. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp‐dyn/articles/A12012‐ 2003Sep1.html.
UNSIGNED ARTICLE
Cinéma. “Loin du Vietnam.” January 1968.
DISSERTATION
Jones, Jennifer M. “‘The Taste for Fashion and Frivolity’: Gender, Clothing, and the Commercial Culture of the Old Regime.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 1991.
PAPER OR PRESENTATION
Poovey, Mary. “Between Political Arithmetic and Political Economy.” Paper presented at the conference “Regimes of Description,” Stanford University, Stanford, CA, January 12, 1996. [The exact date, if known, is desirable (CMS 14.217).]
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION OR INTERVIEW
Noah Fence (pers. comm., April 1, 2014) speculated on the pitfalls of having a play on words for a name. [References to such communications as emails or private messages shared on social media often can be run in to the text, without need of note or reference (CMS 14.214).]
- Jacques Petits Fours (provost, Upper Midwestern University), interview by author, Ames, IA, February 20, 1995. [Interviews or other personal communications in which more information than the date is pertinent may appear in a note (CMS 14.214).]
NOTE
Adams, Tracy. “Christine de Pizan, Isabeau of Bavaria, and Female Regency.” French Historical Studies 32, no. 1 (2009): 1–32. Javitch, David. “Reconsidering the Last Part of Orlando Furioso : Romance to the Bitter End.” MLQ 71, no. 4 (2010): 385–405.
SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT
[Citations of social media content may contain such elements as the author of the post; the title, or the text, of the post; the type of post (e.g., the service and/or a brief description); the date; and a URL. Contra CMS 14.209, such citations have corresponding references.]
The Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151. O’Brien, Conan (@ConanOBrien). “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets.” Twitter, April 22, 2015, 11:10 a.m. https://twitter.com/ConanOBrien/status/590940792967016448. Souza, Pete (@petesouza). “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt.
WEBSITES ( OTHER THAN ONLINE PUBLICATIONS)
[Include as much of the following information as possible: author of the content, title of the page (if there is one), title or owner of the site, URL, and access date (if no publication date is provided). The titles of websites and blogs generally use headline‐style capitalization. See CMS 8.191 and 14.206 for guidance as to whether such titles should be set in roman type or italicized. Websites and social media postings are cited in notes but are not included in the reference list. Items resembling articles in form, such as blog postings, are cited in notes and also included in the reference list.]
Lasar, Matthew. “FCC Chair Willing to Consecrate XM‐Sirius Union.” Ars Technica
(blog), June 16, 2008. https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080616-fcc-chair-
willing-to-consecrate-xm-sirius-union.html.
Citing Works Whose Authors Have Changed Names
Sometimes, a cited author’s affirmed name differs from the name on the work cited. In these cases, use the author’s affirmed name when discussing their published work in the
text of an article or book. We also recommend using the affirmed name in citations:
Text/note discussion As {Affirmed name} wrote, “Quote from cited author.” Bibliographical citation {Affirmed name: Last, First}. Title: Subtitle. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.
However, if it is known that a cited author would like citations to their work to use the
name on the publication, use the published name in the citation instead:
Text/note discussion As {Affirmed name} wrote, “Quote from cited author.” Bibliographical citation {Name on publication: Last, First}. Title: Subtitle. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.
