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Complete study guide for Introduction to
Programming using
Fortran 95/2003/2008 chapter 1- 27 Latest Update
Table of Contents
1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. ..... 1 1.1 Why Learn Programming........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Fortran.......................................................................................................................................
. 1 1.3 Complete Fortran 95/2003/ Documentation....................................................................... 1 1.4 What Is A Program..................................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Operating System....................................................................................................................... 2 2 Computer Organization................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Architecture Overview............................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Compiler..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Information Representation........................................................................................................ 4 2.3.1 Decimal Numbers............................................................................................................... 4 2.3.2 Binary Numbers.................................................................................................................. 5 2.3.3 Character Representation.................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Exercises..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.4.1 Quiz Questions.................................................................................................................... 5
3 Getting Started................................................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Required Skills........................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Program Formats........................................................................................................................ 7 3.2.1 Program Statement.............................................................................................................. 7 3.2.2 Comments..........................................................................................................................
. 8 3.2.3 Simple Output..................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.4 Example – First Program.................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Text Editor.................................................................................................................................. 8 3.4 Compiling................................................................................................................................... 9 3.4.1 Advanced Compiler Options............................................................................................... 9 3.5 Executing.................................................................................................................................... 9 3.6 Exercises................................................................................................................................... 10 3.6.1 Quiz Questions.................................................................................................................. 10 3.6.2 Suggested Projects............................................................................................................ 11 4 Fortran 95/2003/2008 – Basic Elements....................................................................................... 13 4.1 Variables................................................................................................................................... 13 4.1.1 Variable Names................................................................................................................. 13 4.1.2 Keywords.......................................................................................................................... 14 4.2 Data Types................................................................................................................................ 14 4.2.1 Integer............................................................................................................................... 14 ii
5 Expressions.................................................................................................................................. ... 21 5.1 Literals...................................................................................................................................... 21 5.1.1 Integer Literals.................................................................................................................. 21 5.1.2 Real Literals...................................................................................................................... 21 5.1.2.1 E- Notation................................................................................................................. 21 5.1.3 Complex Literals.............................................................................................................. 22 5.1.4 Character Literals.............................................................................................................. 22 5.1.5 Logical Constants............................................................................................................. 23 5.2 Arithmetic Operations.............................................................................................................. 23 5.2.1 Assignment....................................................................................................................... 23 5.2.2 Addition............................................................................................................................ 23 5.2.3 Subtraction........................................................................................................................ 24 5.2.4 Multiplication................................................................................................................... 24 5.2.5 Division............................................................................................................................ 24 5.2.6 Exponentiation.................................................................................................................. 25 5.3 Order of Operations.................................................................................................................. 25 5.4 Intrinsic Functions.................................................................................................................... 26 5.4.1 Mathematical Intrinsic Functions..................................................................................... 26 5.4.2 Conversion Functions....................................................................................................... 26 iv
5.4.3 Summary........................................................................................................................... 27 5.5 Mixed Mode............................................................................................................................. 27 5.6 Examples.................................................................................................................................. 28 5.7 Exercises................................................................................................................................... 28 5.7.1 Quiz Questions.................................................................................................................. 28 5.7.2 Suggested Projects............................................................................................................ 29 6 Simple Input and Output.............................................................................................................. 31 6.1 Output – Write.......................................................................................................................... 31 6.1.1 Output – Print................................................................................................................... 32 6.2 Input – Read............................................................................................................................. 32 6.3 Example.................................................................................................................................... 33 6.4 Exercises................................................................................................................................... 34 6.4.1 Quiz Questions.................................................................................................................. 34 6.4.2 Suggested Projects............................................................................................................ 34 7 Program Development................................................................................................................... 37 7.1 Understand the Problem........................................................................................................... 37 7.2 Create the Algorithm................................................................................................................ 38 7.3 Implement the Program............................................................................................................ 38 7.4 Test/Debug the Program........................................................................................................... 39 v
8.5 SELECT CASE Statement....................................................................................................... 50 8.6 Example Two............................................................................................................................ 53 8.6.1 Understand the Problem................................................................................................... 53 8.6.2 Create the Algorithm......................................................................................................... 53 8.6.3 Implement the Program.................................................................................................... 53 8.6.4 Test/Debug the Program................................................................................................... 54 8.7 Exercises................................................................................................................................... 55 8.7.1 Quiz Questions.................................................................................................................. 55 8.7.2 Suggested Projects............................................................................................................ 56 9 Looping........................................................................................................................................ ... 59 9.1 Counter Controlled Looping.................................................................................................... 59 9.2 EXIT and CYCLE Statements.................................................................................................. 61 9.3 Counter Controlled Example.................................................................................................... 61 9.3.1 Understand the Problem................................................................................................... 62 9.3.2 Create the Algorithm......................................................................................................... 62 9.3.3 Implement the Program.................................................................................................... 62 9.3.4 Test/Debug the Program................................................................................................... 63 9.4 Conditional Controlled Looping.............................................................................................. 63 9.5 Conditionally Controlled Loop Example................................................................................. 65 9.5.1 Understand the Problem................................................................................................... 65 9.5.2 Create the Algorithm......................................................................................................... 65 vii
9.5.3 Implement the Program.................................................................................................... 66 9.5.4 Test/Debug the Program................................................................................................... 67 9.6 Exercises................................................................................................................................... 67 9.6.1 Quiz Questions.................................................................................................................. 67 9.6.2 Suggested Projects............................................................................................................ 69 10 Formatted Input/Output............................................................................................................. 71 10.1 Format.................................................................................................................................... 71 10.2 Format Specifiers................................................................................................................... 71 10.3 Integer Format Specifier......................................................................................................... 72 10.4 Real Format Specifier............................................................................................................. 73 10.5 Horizontal Positioning Specifiers........................................................................................... 73 10.6 Logical Format Specifier........................................................................................................ 74 10.7 Character Format Specifier.................................................................................................... 74 10.8 Advance Clause...................................................................................................................... 75 10.9 Example.................................................................................................................................. 76 10.9.1 Understand the Problem................................................................................................. 76 10.9.2 Create the Algorithm....................................................................................................... 76 10.9.3 Implement the Program.................................................................................................. 77 10.9.4 Test/Debug the Program................................................................................................. 79 10.10 Exercises............................................................................................................................... 79 10.10.1 Quiz Questions.............................................................................................................. 79 10.10.2 Suggested Projects........................................................................................................ 80 viii
12.4 File Read................................................................................................................................. 93 12.5 Rewind.................................................................................................................................... 93 12.6 Backspace............................................................................................................................... 93 12.7 Close File................................................................................................................................ 94 12.8 Example.................................................................................................................................. 94 12.8.1 Understand the Problem................................................................................................. 94 12.8.2 Create the Algorithm....................................................................................................... 94 12.8.3 Implement the Program.................................................................................................. 95 12.8.4 Test/Debug the Program................................................................................................. 96 12.9 Exercises................................................................................................................................. 96 12.9.1 Quiz Questions................................................................................................................ 97 12.9.2 Suggested Projects.......................................................................................................... 97 13 Single Dimension Arrays............................................................................................................. 99 13.1 Array Declaration................................................................................................................. 100 13.1.1 Static Declaration.......................................................................................................... 100 13.1.2 Static Array Declaration............................................................................................... 100 13.1.3 Dynamic Array Declaration.......................................................................................... 101 13.1.3.1 Dynamic Array Allocation.................................................................................... 101 13.2 Accessing Array Elements.................................................................................................... 102 13.2.1 Array Bounds................................................................................................................ 102 x
13.3 Implied Do-Loop.................................................................................................................. 103 13.4 Intrinsic Functions................................................................................................................ 103 13.5 Initializing Arrays................................................................................................................. 104 13.6 Example................................................................................................................................ 104 13.6.1 Understand the Problem............................................................................................... 104 13.6.2 Create the Algorithm..................................................................................................... 105 13.6.3 Implement the Program................................................................................................ 106 13.6.4 Test/Debug the Program............................................................................................... 108 13.7 Arrays of Strings................................................................................................................... 109 13.8 Exercises............................................................................................................................... 109 13.8.1 Quiz Questions.............................................................................................................. 109 13.8.2 Suggested Projects........................................................................................................ 110 14 Multidimensional Arrays........................................................................................................... 113 14.1 Array Declaration................................................................................................................. 113 14.1.1 Static Declaration.......................................................................................................... 114 14.1.2 Dynamic Declaration.................................................................................................... 114 14.1.3 Dynamic Array Allocation............................................................................................ 114 14.2 Accessing Array Elements.................................................................................................... 115 14.3 Example................................................................................................................................ 116 14.3.1 Understand the Problem................................................................................................ 116 xi
15.7 Subroutines........................................................................................................................... 127 15.8 Example................................................................................................................................ 128 15.8.1 Understand the Problem............................................................................................... 129 15.8.2 Create the Algorithm..................................................................................................... 130 15.8.3 Implement the Program................................................................................................ 131 15.8.4 Test/Debug the Program............................................................................................... 132 15.9 Exercises............................................................................................................................... 132 15.9.1 Quiz Questions.............................................................................................................. 132 15.9.2 Suggested Projects........................................................................................................ 134 16 Derived Data Types.................................................................................................................... 137 16.1 Definition.............................................................................................................................. 137 16.2 Declaration........................................................................................................................... 138 16.3 Accessing Components......................................................................................................... 138 16.4 Example One........................................................................................................................ 139 16.4.1 Understand the Problem............................................................................................... 139 16.4.2 Create the Algorithm..................................................................................................... 140 16.4.3 Implement the Program................................................................................................ 140 16.4.4 Test/Debug the Program............................................................................................... 142 16.5 Arrays of Derived Data......................................................................................................... 143 16.6 Example Two........................................................................................................................ 144 xiii
16.6.1 Understand the Problem............................................................................................... 144 16.6.2 Create the Algorithm..................................................................................................... 144 16.6.3 Implement the Program................................................................................................ 145 16.6.4 Test/Debug the Program............................................................................................... 148 16.7 Exercises............................................................................................................................... 148 16.7.1 Quiz Questions.............................................................................................................. 148 16.7.2 Suggested Projects........................................................................................................ 149 17 Modules....................................................................................................................................... 151 17.1 Module Declaration.............................................................................................................. 151 17.2 Use Statement....................................................................................................................... 152 17.3 Updated Compilation Commands........................................................................................ 152 17.4 Module Example Program.................................................................................................... 153 17.4.1 Understand the Problem............................................................................................... 153 17.4.2 Create the Algorithm..................................................................................................... 153 17.4.3 Implement the Program................................................................................................ 154 17.4.3.1 Main Program....................................................................................................... 154 17.4.3.2 Module Routines................................................................................................... 155 17.4.4 Compile the Program.................................................................................................... 156 17.4.5 Test/Debug the Program............................................................................................... 156 17.5 Exercises............................................................................................................................... 156 xiv
19.2 Numeric to Character String Conversion............................................................................. 171 19.3 Exercises............................................................................................................................... 172 19.3.1 Quiz Questions.............................................................................................................. 172 19.3.2 Suggested Projects........................................................................................................ 172 20 System Services.......................................................................................................................... 175 20.1 Date and Time...................................................................................................................... 175 20.1.1 Date and Time Options................................................................................................. 175 20.1.2 Date and Time Example Program................................................................................. 176 20.2 Command Line Arguments................................................................................................... 178 20.2.1 Argument Count............................................................................................................ 179 20.2.2 Get Arguments.............................................................................................................. 179 20.2.3 Command Line Arguments, Example Program............................................................ 180 20.3 Exercises............................................................................................................................... 182 20.3.1 Quiz Questions.............................................................................................................. 183 20.3.2 Suggested Projects........................................................................................................ 183 21 Appendix A – ASCII Table......................................................................................................... 185 22 Appendix B – Start-Up Instructions......................................................................................... 187 22.1 Working Files....................................................................................................................... 187 22.2 Obtaining The Compiler....................................................................................................... 187 xvi
22.2.1 Windows Download and Install.................................................................................... 187 22.2.2 MacOS Download and Install....................................................................................... 188 22.3 Windows Compilation.......................................................................................................... 188 22.3.1 Command Prompt Window.......................................................................................... 188 22.3.2 Device and Directory.................................................................................................... 189 22.3.3 Compiler Installation Verification................................................................................ 189 22.3.4 Compilation.................................................................................................................. 189 22.3.5 Executing...................................................................................................................... 190 22.3.6 Example........................................................................................................................ 190 22.4 MacOS Compilation............................................................................................................. 190 22.4.1 Terminal Window......................................................................................................... 191 22.4.2 Device and Directory.................................................................................................... 191 22.4.3 Compiler Installation Verification................................................................................ 192 22.4.4 Compilation.................................................................................................................. 192 22.4.5 Executing...................................................................................................................... 193 22.4.6 Example........................................................................................................................ 193 23 Appendix C – Random Number Generation........................................................................... 195 23.1 Initialization.......................................................................................................................... 195 23.2 Generating Random Number................................................................................................ 195 23.3 Example................................................................................................................................ 196 xvii
26 Appendix F – Quiz Question Answers...................................................................................... 207 26.1 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 1...................................................................................... 207 26.2 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 2...................................................................................... 207 26.3 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 3...................................................................................... 207 26.4 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 4...................................................................................... 208 26.5 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 5...................................................................................... 208 26.6 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 6...................................................................................... 209 26.7 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 7...................................................................................... 209 26.8 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 8...................................................................................... 209 26.9 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 9...................................................................................... 210 26.10 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 10.................................................................................. 211 26.11 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 11................................................................................... 212 26.12 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 12.................................................................................. 212 26.13 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 13.................................................................................. 212 26.14 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 14.................................................................................. 213 26.15 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 15.................................................................................. 214 26.16 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 16.................................................................................. 215 26.17 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 17.................................................................................. 216 26.18 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 18.................................................................................. 216 26.19 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 19.................................................................................. 217 26.20 Quiz Question Answers, Chapter 20.................................................................................. 218 27 Appendix G – Fortran 95/2003/2008 Keywords...................................................................... 219 Index..................................................................................................................................................
. 223 xix
Illustration Index
Illustration 1: Computer Architecture........................................................................................................ Illustration 2: Fortran 95/2003/2008 Compile Process..............................................................................4 Illustration 3: Factorial Recursion Tree................................................................................................. xx
