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Comptia A+ 220-1201 Core 1 Study Guide Q&A rated A., Exams of Computer Security

Harvard University Computer Security

Comptia A+ 220-1201 Core 1 Study Guide Q&A rated A.

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 06/03/2026

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Comptia A+ 220-1201 Core 1 Study

Guide Q&A rated A

2.1 A series of moving vans -

correct answer

✅• Efficiently move

large amounts of data

- Use a shipping truck

• The network topology is the road

- Ethernet, DSL, cable system

• The truck is the Internet Protocol (IP)

- We've designed the roads for this truck

• The boxes hold your data

- Boxes of TCP and UDP

• Inside the boxes are more things

- Application information

2.1 TCP and UDP -

correct answer

✅• Transported inside of IP

- Encapsulated by the IP protocol

• Two ways to move data from place to place

- Different features for different applications

• OSI Layer 4

- The transport layer

• Multiplexing

- Use many different applications at the same time

- TCP and UDP

2.1 TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Communication -

correct

answer

✅

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Guide Q&A rated A

2.1 A series of moving vans - correct answer ✅• Efficiently move large amounts of data

Use a shipping truck
The network topology is the road
Ethernet, DSL, cable system
The truck is the Internet Protocol (IP)
We've designed the roads for this truck
The boxes hold your data
Boxes of TCP and UDP
Inside the boxes are more things
Application information 2.1 TCP and UDP - correct answer ✅• Transported inside of IP
Encapsulated by the IP protocol
Two ways to move data from place to place
Different features for different applications
OSI Layer 4
The transport layer
Multiplexing
Use many different applications at the same time
TCP and UDP 2.1 TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Communication - correct answer ✅

Guide Q&A rated A

2.1 TCP - Transmission Control Protocol - correct answer ✅• Connection-oriented

A formal connection setup and close
"Reliable" delivery
Recovery from errors
Manages out-of-order messages or retransmissions
Flow control
The receiver can manage how much data is sent 2.1 UDP - User Datagram Protocol Communication - correct answer ✅ 2.1 UDP - User Datagram Protocol - correct answer ✅• Connectionless - No formal open/close to the connection
"Unreliable" delivery
No error recovery, no reordering of data or retransmissions
No flow control
Sender determines the amount of data transmitted 2.1 Why would you ever use UDP? - correct answer ✅• Real-time communication
There's no way to stop and resend the data
Time doesn't stop for your network
Connectionless protocols

Guide Q&A rated A

2.1 Lots of ports - correct answer ✅• IPv4 sockets

Server IP address, protocol, server application port #
Client IP address, protocol, client port number
Non-ephemeral ports - permanent port numbers
Ports 0 through 1,023 - Usually on a server or service
Ephemeral ports - temporary port numbers
Ports 1,024 through 65,
Determined in real-time by the client 2.1 Port number (how many) - correct answer ✅• TCP and UDP ports can be any number between 0 and 65,
Most servers (services) use non-ephemeral (not-temporary) port numbers
This isn't always the case - it's just a number.
Port numbers are for communication, not security
Service port numbers need to be "well known"
TCP port numbers aren't the same as UDP port numbers 2.1 Port numbers - correct answer ✅• Well-known port number
Client and server need to match
Important for firewall rules
Port-based security
A bit of rote memorization

Guide Q&A rated A

Becomes second nature after a while
Make sure you know port number, protocol, and how the protocol is used 2.1 FTP - File Transfer Protocol - correct answer ✅• tcp/20 (active mode data), tcp/21 (control)
Transfers files between systems
Authenticates with a username and password
Some systems use a generic/anonymous login
Full-featured functionality - List, add, delete, etc. 2.1 SSH - Secure Shell - correct answer ✅• Encrypted communication link - tcp/
Looks and acts the same as Telnet 2.1 Telnet - correct answer ✅• Telnet - Telecommunication Network - tcp/
Login to devices remotely
Console access
In-the-clear communication
Not the best choice for production systems 2.1 SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - correct answer ✅• SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Server to server email transfer

Guide Q&A rated A

Addresses are assigned by MAC address in the DHCP server
Manage addresses from one location 2.1 HTTP and HTTPS - correct answer ✅• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Communication in the browser
And by other applications
In the clear or encrypted
Supported by nearly all web servers and clients 2.1 POP3 / IMAP - correct answer ✅• Receive emails from an email server
Authenticate and transfer
POP3 - Post office Protocol version 3
tcp/
Basic mail transfer functionality
IMAP4 - Internet Message Access Protocol v
tcp/
Includes email inbox management from multiple clients
SMB - Server Message Block
Protocol used by Microsoft Windows
File sharing, printer sharing
Also called CIFS (Common Internet File System)

Guide Q&A rated A

Using NetBIOS over TCP/IP (Network Basic Input/Output System)
udp/137 - NetBIOS name services (nbname)
tcp/139 - NetBIOS session service (nbsession)
Direct over tcp/445 (NetBIOS-less)
Direct SMB communication over TCP without the NetBIOS transport 2.1 LDAP/LADPS - correct answer ✅• LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
tcp/
Store and retrieve information in a network directory
Commonly used in Microsoft Active Directory 2.1 RDP - Remote Desktop Protocol - correct answer ✅• Share a desktop from a remote location over tcp/
Remote Desktop Services on many Windows versions
Can connect to an entire desktop or just an application
Clients for Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix, iPhone, Android, and others 2.1 Common Ports - correct answer ✅ 2.2 Wireless technologies - correct answer ✅• IEEE standards

Guide Q&A rated A

Same as 802.
Short-range
Most consumer devices operate to about 10 meters 2.2 RFID (Radio-frequency identification) - correct answer ✅• It's everywhere
Access badges
Inventory/Assembly line tracking
Pet/Animal identification
Anything that needs to be tracked
Radar technology
Radio energy transmitted to the tag
RF powers the tag, ID is transmitted back
Bidirectional communication
Some tag formats can be active/powered 2.2 NFC (Near field communication) - correct answer ✅• Two- way wireless communication
Builds on RFID, which is mostly one-way
Payment systems - Major credit cards, online wallets
Bootstrap for other wireless
NFC helps with Bluetooth pairing
Access token, identity "card"
Short range with encryption support

Guide Q&A rated A

2.2 Wireless Network Technologies - correct answer ✅ 2.3 DNS server - correct answer ✅• Domain Name System

Convert names to IP addresses
And vice versa
Distributed naming system
The load is balanced across many different servers
Usually managed by the ISP or IT department
A critical resource 2.3 DHCP server - correct answer ✅• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Automatic IP address configuration
Very common service
Available on most home routers
Enterprise DHCP will be redundant
Usually running on central servers 2.3 File share - correct answer ✅• Centralized storage of documents,spreadsheets, videos, pictures, and any other files
A fileshare
Standard system of file management

Guide Q&A rated A

Diverse systems, consolidated log
Usually a central logging receiver
Integrated into the SIEM
You're going to need a lot of disk space
No, more. More than that. 2.3 Web server - correct answer ✅• Respond to browser requests
Using standard web browsing protocols - HTTP/HTTPS
Pages are built with HTML, HTML
Web pages are stored on the server
Downloaded to the browser
Static pages or built dynamically in real-time 2.3 Authentication server - correct answer ✅• Login authentication to resources
Centralized management
Almost always an enterprise service
Not required on a home network
Usually a set of redundant servers
Always available
Extremely important service 2.3 Database servers - correct answer ✅• Database table storage

Guide Q&A rated A

Save information in columns and rows
Similar to a spreadsheet
Relational database
Link tables together
These links are relationships
Flexible and fast
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Access data using a standard language
Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, etc. 2.3 NTP servers - correct answer ✅• The time of day is more important than you might think
Encryption, logins, backups, log timestamps
Everything needs to work from the same clock
NTP server
Listens on udp/
Responds to time requests from NTP clients
NTP client
Requests time updates from NTP server
Daily synchronization is common 2.3 Spam gateways - correct answer ✅• Unsolicited messages
Email, forums, etc.
Various content

Guide Q&A rated A

Multiple servers - Invisible to the end-user
Large-scale implementations
Web server farms, database farms
Fault tolerance
Server outages have no effect - Very fast convergence 2.3 Proxy server - correct answer ✅• An intermediate server
Client makes the request to the proxy
The proxy performs the actual request
The proxy provides results back to the client
Useful features
Access control, caching, URL filtering, content scanning 2.3 SCADA / ICS - correct answer ✅• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
Large-scale, multi-site Industrial Control Systems (ICS)
PC manages equipment
Power generation, refining, manufacturing equipment
Facilities, industrial, energy, logistics
Distributed control systems
Real-time information
System control
Requires extensive segmentation

Guide Q&A rated A

No access from the outside 2.3 Legacy and embedded systems - correct answer ✅• Legacy systems
Another expression for "really old"
May also be "really important"
Learning old things can be just as important as learning the new things
Embedded systems
Purpose-built device
Not usual to have direct access to the operating system
Alarm system, door security, time card system 2.3 IoT (Internet of Things) devices - correct answer ✅• Appliances
Refrigerators
Smart devices
Smart speakers respond to voice
Air control
Thermostats, temperature control
Access
Smart doorbells
May require a segmented network

Guide Q&A rated A

IP addresses, certificates, host alias names, etc.
These are important and critical configurations
Make sure to check your settings, backup, and test! 2.4 Address records (A) (AAAA) - correct answer ✅• Defines the IP address of a host
This is the most popular query
A records are for IPv4 addresses
Modify the A record to change the host name to IP address resolution
AAAA records are for IPv6 addresses
The same DNS server, different records 2.4 Canonical name records (CNAME) - correct answer ✅• A name is an alias of another, canonical name
One physical server, multiple services 2.4 Mail exchanger record (MX) - correct answer ✅• Determines the host name for the mail server - this isn't an IP address; it's a name 2.4 Text records (TXT) - correct answer ✅• Human-readable text information
Useful public information
Was originally designed for

Guide Q&A rated A

informal information

Can be used for verification purposes
If you have access to the DNS, then you must be the administrator of the domain name
Commonly used for email security
External email servers validate information from your DNS 2.4 Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM) - correct answer ✅• Digitally sign a domain's outgoing mail
Validated by mail servers, not usually seen by the end user
The public key is in the DKIM TXT record 2.4 Sender Policy Framework (SPF) - correct answer ✅• SPF protocol
A list of all servers authorized to send emails for this domain
Prevent mail spoofing
Mail servers perform a check to see if incoming mail really did come from an authorized host 2.4 DMARC - correct answer ✅• Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting,

Comptia A+ 220-1201 Core 1 Study Guide Q&A rated A., Exams of Computer Security

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