CompTIA Server+ SK0-005, Study notes of Computer science

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CompTIA Server+ SK0-005 Notes Nicholas Anand November 05, 2022 Contents 1 Server Hardware Installation and Management 3 1.1 Physical Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Racking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 Network Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.4 Server Chassis Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.5 Server Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.2 Capacity planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.3 Hard Drive Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.4 Interface Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.5 Shared Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Server Hardware Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.1 In-Band Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.2 Out-of-Band Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 Server Administration 7 2.1 Server Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1 Microsoft Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2 Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.3 File System Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 Network Infrastructure Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 Server Functions and Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3.1 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 High Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4.1 Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.5 Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.6 Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.7 Asset Management and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.7.1 Company Policies and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.8 Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.8.1 Licensing Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.8.2 License Count Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 Security and Disaster Recovery 9 3.1 Data Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2 Access Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.3 Mitigation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.3.1 Regulatory Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4 Backups and Restores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1 CompTIA Server+ SK0-005 Notes 2 3.4.1 Backup Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4.2 Backup Rotation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.5 Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.5.1 Site Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.5.2 Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4 Miscellaneous 12 4.1 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.1.1 Troubleshooting Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.2 Web and Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.3 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 Contents 5 CompTIA Server+ SK0-005 Notes 1.2.1 RAID Definition Redundant Array of Independant Disks RAID is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple drives into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both. RAID Level Comparison Type Min Drives Fault Tolerance Read Perf. Write Perf. Capacity Util. RAID 0 2 None Very good Excellent 100% RAID 1 2 1 drive Very good Good 50% RAID 3 3 1 drive Very good Good 67-96% RAID 5 3 1 drive Very good Good 67-96% RAID 6 4 2 drives Very good Fair 50-92% RAID Level Diagrams JBOD Definition Just a Bunch of Disks The term JBOD is sometimes used to refer to a collection of drives in one single storage enclosure that are not configured in a RAID array. 1.2.2 Capacity planning ˆ Thin provisioning: Using virtualization technology to trick applications into thinking you have more storage than is actually available 1 Server Hardware Installation and Management 5 CompTIA Server+ SK0-005 Notes 6 1.2.3 Hard Drive Media ˆ RPM: Rotations per Minute 1.2.4 Interface Types ˆ SCSI: Small Computer System Interface - used for transferring data between computer and peripherals over a parallel connection – LUN: Logical Unit Number - used to identify a SCSI device – LUN Masking: An authorization mechanism used in SANs to make LUNs available to some hosts but not others ˆ ATA: Advanced Technology Attachment ˆ SATA: Serial ATA ˆ eSATA: External SATA ˆ iSCSI: Internetworking SCSI ˆ SAS: Serial Attached SCSI 1.2.5 Shared Storage ˆ NFS: Network File System ˆ SMB: Server Message Block ˆ CIFS: Common Internet File System - a dialect of SMB Fibre Channel Definition Fibre Channel is a high-speed data transfer protocol that provides in-order, lossless delivery of data ˆ FCoE: Fibre Channel over Ethernet - allows the Fibre Channel protocol to be transmitted over an Ethernet link ˆ WWNN:World Wide Node Name - universally unique identifier assigned to a device on a fibre channel network - similar to a MAC address ˆ WWN/WWPN: World Wide (Port) Name - WWNN for a specific port of a device on a fibre channel network 1.3 Server Hardware Maintenance ˆ BIOS: Basic Input/Output System ˆ UEFI: Unified Extensible Firmware Interface 1.3.1 In-Band Management ˆ VNC: Virtual Network Computing - an open-source protocol for remote GUI access ˆ RDP: Remote Desktop Protocol - a Microsoft proprietary protocol for remote GUI access ˆ RAS: Remote Access Server - provides a suite of services used for remote access 6 1 Server Hardware Installation and Management 7 CompTIA Server+ SK0-005 Notes 1.3.2 Out-of-Band Management ˆ Crash cart: Mobile cart with a secured laptop that is used to provide a direct connection to malfunc- tioning servers ˆ iDRAC: Integrated Dell Remote Access Controller - allows for local and remote management of PowerEdge servers ˆ iLO: Integrated Lights Out - HP out of band server management technology ˆ IPMI: Intelligent Platform Management Interface - set of specifications for an autonomous computer subsystem that provides management and monitoring capabilities independently of the host system’s operating system and hardware. Commonly used for out of band management. 2 Server Administration 2.1 Server Operating Systems ˆ HCL: Hardware Compatibility List ˆ PXE: Preboot Execution Environment - client boots an OS over the network ˆ P2V: Physical to Virtual 2.1.1 Microsoft Windows ˆ AD: Active Directory – OU: Organizational Unit - container within an Active Directory domain ˆ SCCM: System Center Configuration Management - also known as Microsoft Endpoint Configuration Manager. Used to manage, control, inventory, and patch large groups of computers. ˆ WSUS: Windows Software Update Services ˆ WDS: Windows Deployment Services - allows you to deploy Windows operating systems over the network ˆ RIS: Remote Installation Services - Microsoft PXE server used to remotely execute boot environment variables ˆ WMI: Windows Management Instrumentation - extensions to the Windows driver model that allow scripting languages to manage Windows computers and servers 2.1.2 Partitioning ˆ GPT: GUID Partition Table ˆ MBR: Master Boot Record 2 Server Administration 7 CompTIA Server+ SK0-005 Notes 10 3.2 Access Management ˆ RADIUS: Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service ˆ TACACS: Terminal Access Controller Access Control System 3.3 Mitigation Strategies 3.3.1 Regulatory Constraints ˆ PCI DSS: Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard 3.4 Backups and Restores ˆ DLT: Digital Linear Tape ˆ LTO: Linear Tape-Open - magnetic data storage technology ˆ Archive bit: A file attribute used to indicate whether or not the file has been backed up ˆ Snapshot: A type of backup copy used to create an exact copy of an entire application, disk, or system. ˆ Image: Another term for a snapshot 3.4.1 Backup Methods ˆ Incremental backup – Includes the data that has changed since the previous backup – Storage efficient and has the fastest backup time – Slow recovery – A single corrupted incremental backup file would ruin the entire backup ˆ Differential backup – Includes the data that has changed since the last full backup – Fast recovery – Not storage efficient and requires regular full backups – Does not clear the archive bit ˆ Full backup – Complete copy of the data – Takes the longest amount of time and uses the most storage space – Fastest recovery ˆ Synthetic backup – Combines the last full backup and all the incremental backups into one single backup file that contains the same data as the full backup – Takes less time than a full backup and is more storage efficient – Not as effective if lots of changes are made and still relies on incremental backups 10 3 Security and Disaster Recovery 11 CompTIA Server+ SK0-005 Notes 3.4.2 Backup Rotation Schemes ˆ First in, first out (FIFO) – New backups are saved over the oldest backups – The backup depth would be the number of days a backup is kept ˆ Grandfather-father-son (GFS) – 3 or more FIFO cycles – For example, one daily rotation, one weekly rotation, and one monthly rotation – Protects against an issue that could have corrupted backups and gone unnoticed ˆ Tower of Hanoi – First tape is used every other day (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) – Second tape is used every fourth day (2, 6, 10) – Third tape is used every eighth day (4, 12, 20) – Provides the most optimal usage of a limited number of tapes 3.5 Disaster Recovery ˆ Failover: The process of switching production to a backup facility ˆ Failback: The process of returning production to its original location after a disaster or maintenance period has been resolved ˆ Heartbeat: A periodic signal generated by hardware or software to indicate normal operation 3.5.1 Site Types ˆ Hot site: A mirror of an existing data center. Populated with servers, cooling, power, and offices. Files, applications, and databases are synchronized with the primary site. ˆ Warm site: The middle ground between a hot and cold site. Populated with some pre-installed hardware, but applications are not deployed and the data is not stored here. Also known as a standby site. ˆ Cold site: Office or datacenter space without any existing equipment installed. Populated with power, cooling, and office space. Requires extensive work to bring up and running. ˆ Cloud site 3.5.2 Replication Definition Replication is the process of making multiple copies of data and storing them at different locations for the purposes of backups, fault tolerance, and improving accessibility. Replication Types ˆ Full: All data is stored in multiple locations ˆ Partial: Some data is stored in multiple locations while other data is only stored in a single location ˆ Asynchronous: Data is written to the primary storage and then copied to the replica ˆ Synchronous: Data is written to the primary and secondary storages at the same time 3 Security and Disaster Recovery 11 CompTIA Server+ SK0-005 Notes 12 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Troubleshooting 4.1.1 Troubleshooting Steps 1. Identify the problem 2. Establish a theory of probable cause 3. Test the theory to determine the cause 4. Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem 5. Implement the solution or escalate as necessary 6. Verify full system functionality and implement preventive measures 7. Perform a root cause analysis 8. Document your findings 4.2 Web and Networking ˆ NOS: Network Operating System - operating system that allows multiple computers to communicate and share files and hardware devices with each other ˆ IIS: Internet Information Services - Microsoft web server software ˆ URL: Uniform/Universal Resource Locator ˆ WINS: Windows Internet Naming Service - legacy service that maps NetBIOS names to IP addresses ˆ MDI: Medium Dependent Interface - uses a crossover cable to connect ˆ MDI-X:Medium Dependent Interface Crossover - uses a straight-through cable rather than a crossover cable ˆ Auto MDI/MDIX: Automatically chooses between MDI and MDI-X ˆ DHCP uses UDP port 68 4.3 Hardware ˆ CRU: Customer Replaceable Unit ˆ FRU: Field Replaceable Unit ˆ HID: Human Interface Device 12 4 Miscellaneous