Chapter 1
Computer Abstractions and
Technology
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Computer Abstractions and Technology: Understanding Hardware and Software Interaction, Slides of Computer Architecture and Organization
Computer architecture and computer performance
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2017/2018
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Chapter 1
Computer Abstractions and
Technology
The Computer Revolution
Progress in computer technology
Underpinned by Moore’s Law
Makes novel applications feasible
Computers in automobiles
Cell phones
Human genome project
World Wide Web
Search Engines
Computers are pervasive
§1.1 Introduction
The Processor Market
What You Will Learn
How programs are translated into the
machine language
And how the hardware executes them
The hardware/software interface
What determines program performance
And how it can be improved
How hardware designers improve
performance
What is parallel processing
Below Your Program
Application software
Written in high-level language
System software
Compiler: translates HLL code to
machine code
Operating System: service code
Handling input/output
Managing memory and storage
Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
Hardware
Processor, memory, I/O controllers
§1.2 Below Your Program
Levels of Program Code
High-level language
Level of abstraction closer
to problem domain
Provides for productivity
and portability
Assembly language
Textual representation of
instructions
Hardware representation
Binary digits (bits)
Encoded instructions and
data
Anatomy of a Computer
Output
device
Input
device
Input
device
Network
cable
Anatomy of a Mouse
Optical mouse
LED illuminates
desktop
Small low-res camera
Basic image processor
Looks for x, y
movement
Buttons & wheel
Supersedes roller-ball
mechanical mouse
Opening the Box
Inside the Processor (CPU)
Datapath: performs operations on data
Control: sequences datapath, memory, ...
Cache memory
Small fast SRAM memory for immediate
access to data
Abstractions
Abstraction helps us deal with complexity
Hide lower-level detail
Instruction set architecture (ISA)
The hardware/software interface
Application binary interface
The ISA plus system software interface
Implementation
The details underlying and interface
The BIG Picture
A Safe Place for Data
Volatile main memory
Loses instructions and data when power off
Non-volatile secondary memory
Magnetic disk
Flash memory
Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)
Technology Trends
Electronics
technology
continues to evolve
Increased capacity
and performance
Reduced cost
Year Technology Relative performance/cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 900
1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,
2005 Ultra large scale IC 6,200,000,
DRAM capacity
Defining Performance
Which airplane has the best performance?
Douglas DC-8- BAC/ Sud Concorde Boeing 747 Boeing 777 Passenger Capacity
Douglas DC- 8- BAC/ Sud Concorde Boeing 747 Boeing 777 Cruising Range (miles) 0 500 1000 1500 Douglas DC-8- BAC/ Sud Concorde Boeing 747 Boeing 777 Cruising Speed (mph)
Douglas DC- 8- BAC/ Sud Concorde Boeing 747 Boeing 777 Passengers x mph