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Computer Architecture-Programming For Aeronautical Engineering And Sciences-Lecture Slides, Slides of Aeronautical Engineering

University of AllahabadAeronautical Engineering

Prof. Balamohan Pawar delivered this lecture at Allahabad University for Aeronautical Engineering and Computer Programming course. Its main points are: Architecture, Instruction, PowerPc, Byte, Mutiprocessor, Risc, Cisc, Cpu, Register, Performance

Typology: Slides

2011/2012

Uploaded on 07/20/2012

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Lecture C6: Computer Architecture
Response to 'Muddiest Part of the Lecture Cards'
(46 respondents, out of 64students)
2) What about this info should we memorize? Why are we learning this info? (2 students)
All material in the reading instructions should be read. I only cover a subset of that material in class /
lecture notes. The material I cover in class is the information I find the most important.
Most aerospace systems involve writing software at both the embedded level as well as the application
level. The topics covered in lectures are meant to give you a first look at these topics.
3) How does computer architecture affect our programming in Ada? (2 students)
The architecture of the computer affects the size of the object code generated when you compile an Ada
program. When dealing with embedded mission critical systems, the size of your code (assuming that
design and implementation were correct in the first place), will determine the time your program takes to
execute. It then becomes critical for you to understand the underlying architecture to be able to build a
predictable system.
4) By what computer manufacturer was the PowerPC developed? (1 student)
As far as I know, the PowerPC was created by AIM (the 1991 Apple-IBM-Motorola alliance). The
PowerPC was the CPU part of the AIM platform, and is the only part o that platform that still exists
today.
5) What is difference between a bit and a byte? (1 student)
A bit is an information unit. A single bit is a 0 or a 1, or a true or a false, or an on or an off, or any other
mutually exclusive states. A byte is a collection of bits, usually 8 bits.
7) How does the computer go from 1s and 0s to actual commands? (1 student)
The instruction set is actually coded in the forms of 0's and 1's. The coding scheme used to take in a bit
pattern and extract the instruction is also defined by the architecture of the machine. For example, the
instructions for the machine architecture seen in class uses a pattern that is 16 bits long, the first four bits
specify the opcode (operation to be performed) and the remaining 12 bits define the operands (the
elements on which the operation is performed). Most programmers only see the mnemonics (assembly
language). Hardly anybody codes in 0's and 1's because the instructions sets are complex and it is very
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Lecture C6: Computer Architecture

Response to 'Muddiest Part of the Lecture Cards'

(46 respondents, out of 64students)

  1. What about this info should we memorize? Why are we learning this info? (2 students) All material in the reading instructions should be read. I only cover a subset of that material in class / lecture notes. The material I cover in class is the information I find the most important.

Most aerospace systems involve writing software at both the embedded level as well as the application level. The topics covered in lectures are meant to give you a first look at these topics.

  1. How does computer architecture affect our programming in Ada? (2 students) The architecture of the computer affects the size of the object code generated when you compile an Ada program. When dealing with embedded mission critical systems, the size of your code (assuming that design and implementation were correct in the first place), will determine the time your program takes to execute. It then becomes critical for you to understand the underlying architecture to be able to build a predictable system.

  2. By what computer manufacturer was the PowerPC developed? (1 student) As far as I know, the PowerPC was created by AIM (the 1991 Apple-IBM-Motorola alliance). The PowerPC was the CPU part of the AIM platform , and is the only part o that platform that still exists today.

  3. What is difference between a bit and a byte? (1 student) A bit is an information unit. A single bit is a 0 or a 1, or a true or a false, or an on or an off, or any other mutually exclusive states. A byte is a collection of bits, usually 8 bits.

  4. How does the computer go from 1s and 0s to actual commands? (1 student) The instruction set is actually coded in the forms of 0's and 1's. The coding scheme used to take in a bit pattern and extract the instruction is also defined by the architecture of the machine. For example, the instructions for the machine architecture seen in class uses a pattern that is 16 bits long, the first four bits specify the opcode (operation to be performed) and the remaining 12 bits define the operands (the elements on which the operation is performed). Most programmers only see the mnemonics (assembly language). Hardly anybody codes in 0's and 1's because the instructions sets are complex and it is very

easy for the programmer to make a mistake and extremely hard to find the mistake. In the next lecture we will address mnemonics in greater detail.

  1. What are advantages and disadvantages of a multiprocessor machine? (1 student) The primary advantage of having a multi-processor machine is more power. On the other hand, to exploit this additional power, the usage has to be managed, increasing the complexity of the operating system and/or programming language.

  2. RISC vs CISC? (2 students) RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer: RISC computers are build under the premise that it is possible to build more complex operations from simpler ones. This simplification forces the programmer to implement the more complex functions himself or herself.

CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer: provide more complex operations than RISC computers. This does not mean the programmer is provided with everything, just more than RISC.

  1. PC vs IR? (1 student) PC = Program Counter = Special Purpose register within the CPU that contains the address of next instruction to be executed

IR = Instruction Register = Special Purpose register that contains the opcode of the instruction currently being executed within the CPU

  1. von Neumann bottleneck? (1 student) von Neumann computers spend a lot of time moving data to and from the memory. This slows the computer down. One way to get around this is to introduce more busses in the system, for example one bus for instructions, one bus for data and so on.

  2. I do not understand Assembly language? (1 student) That is the topic of tomorrow's lecture. Also see the answer for 7 above.

  3. How do we know that address cells 00-FF account for 256 cells? (1 student) 00 and FF are hexadecimal numbers. FF in base 16 equals 255 in base 10 (decimal number system), thus 00-FF in hex = 00-255 which gives us 256 memory cells.

  4. Why do I never hear about the Registers in the CPU when I hear about computers and their performance? (1 student)

Most people associate the clock speed of the computer with it performance. But from today's lecture, i hope that you realized that the true bottleneck is in the bus speed. That should give you a sense of the performance capability of the computer. Increasing the number of registers will not necessarily increase the performance of your computer. The issues regarding performance are more tightly coupled with the

2 2) The way you have the bus drawn shows that Video Controllers have DMA, can the Device Controllers interact with each other? (1 student)

Some devices can communicate using Direct Memory Access (DMA). This allows the CPU cycles to be used effectively for computations rather than data transfer.

23 ) For pipelined CPU: It seems like it faster than von Neumann architecture, but wouldn't flow/ speed be "held up" if one of the units (fetch, decode, or execute) is running too slow? (1 student) That is a correct observation!

24 ) "No mud" (21 students) Good :o)