Computer Fundamentals:
Pradeep
K.
Sinha
&
Priti
Sinha
Computer Fundamentals:
Pradeep
K.
Sinha
&
Priti
Sinha
Slide 1/17
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers
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fundamental of computer. contend deals with all the basics of computers, if you want to prepare for nimcet this will be your guide for computer part
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Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 1/
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 2/
Learning Objectives Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:
§ Computer
§ Data processing
§ Characteristic features of computers
§ Computers’ evolution to their present form
§ Computer generations
§ Characteristic features of each computer generation
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 4/
Data Processing Data Processing
The activity of processing data using a computer is called
data processing
Data
Capture Data
Manipulate Data
Output Results
Information
Data is raw material used as input and information is
processed data obtained as output of data processing
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 5/
1) Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it
automatically without human interventions
2) Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs
very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6),
nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12)
3) Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high
and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design.
Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or
unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage-
In-Garbage-Out (GIGO)
(Continued on next slide)
Characteristics of Computers Characteristics of Computers
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 7/
7) No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed
to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard
8) No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their
judgement is based on the instructions given to them in
the form of programs that are written by us (human
beings)
(Continued from previous slide..)
(Continued on next slide)
Characteristics of Computers Characteristics of Computers
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 8/
Evolution of Computers Evolution of Computers
§ Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding
machine in 1642
§ Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first
calculator for multiplication in 1671
§ Keyboard machines originated in the United States
around 1880
§ Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept
of punched cards that were extensively used as input
media until late 1970s
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 10/
Some Well Known Early Computers Some Well Known Early Computers
§ The Mark I Computer (1937-44)
§ The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)
§ The ENIAC (1943-46)
§ The EDVAC (1946-52)
§ The EDSAC (1947-49)
§ Manchester Mark I (1948)
§ The UNIVAC I (1951)
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 11/
§ “ Generation ” in computer talk is a step in technology. It
provides a framework for the growth of computer industry
§ Originally it was used to distinguish between various
hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to
include both hardware and software
§ Till today, there are five computer generations
Computer Generations Computer Generations
(Continued on next slide)
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 13/
§ IBM 360/
§ PDP-
§ PDP-
§ CDC 6600
§ Faster, smaller, more
reliable, easier and
cheaper to produce
§ Commercially, easier
to use, and easier to
upgrade than
previous generation
systems
§ Scientific, commercial
and interactive on-
line applications
§ Timesharing
operating
system
§ Standardization
of high-level
programming
languages
§ Unbundling of
software from
hardware
§ ICs with SSI and
MSI technologies
§ Larger magnetic
cores memory
§ Larger capacity
disks and
magnetic tapes
secondary
storage
§ Minicomputers;
upward
compatible family
of computers
Third
Some rep. systems
Key characteristics
Key software technologies
Key hardware technologies
Generation (Period)
(Continued from previous slide..)
(Continued on next slide)
Computer Generations Computer Generations
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 14/
§ IBM PC and its clones § Apple II § TRS- § VAX 9000 § CRAY- § CRAY- § CRAY-X/MP
§ Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs § More powerful and reliable mainframe systems and supercomputers § Totally general purpose machines § Easier to produce commercially § Easier to upgrade § Rapid software development possible
§ Operating systems for PCs with GUI and multiple windows on a single terminal screen § Multiprocessing OS with concurrent programming languages § UNIX operating system with C programming language § Object-oriented design and programming § PC, Network-based, and supercomputing applications
§ ICs with VLSI technology § Microprocessors; semiconductor memory § Larger capacity hard disks as in-built secondary storage § Magnetic tapes and floppy disks as portable storage media § Personal computers § Supercomputers based on parallel vector processing and symmetric multiprocessing technologies § Spread of high-speed computer networks
Fourth (1975-1989)
Some rep. systems
Key characteristics
Key software technologies
Key hardware Technologies
Generation (Period)
(Continued from previous slide..)
(Continued on next slide)
Computer Generations Computer Generations
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 16/
(a) A Vacuum Tube (b) A Transistor (c) An IC Chip
Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations
Computer Fundamentals:Computer Fundamentals: PradeepPradeep K.K. SinhaSinha && PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 17/
Key Words/Phrases Key Words/Phrases
§ Computer § Computer generations § Computer Supported Cooperative Working (CSCW) § Data § Data processing § Data processor § First-generation computers § Fourth-generation computers § Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO) § Graphical User Interface (GUI) § Groupware § Information
§ Integrated Circuit (IC) § Large Scale Integration (VLSI) § Medium Scale Integration (MSI) § Microprocessor § Personal Computer (PC) § Second-generation computers § Small Scale Integration (SSI) § Stored program concept § Third-generation computers § Transistor § Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) § Vacuum tubes
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha &Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref. Page Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 2/
In this chapter you will learn about:
§ Basic operations performed by all types of computer
systems
§ Basic organization of a computer system
§ Input unit and its functions
§ Output unit and its functions
§ Storage unit and its functions
§ Types of storage used in a computer system
Learning Objectives Learning Objectives
(Continued on next slide)
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha &Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & PritiPriti SinhaSinha
Ref. Page Chapter 2: Basic Computer Organization Slide 3/
§ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
§ Control Unit (CU)
§ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
§ Computer as a system
Learning Objectives Learning Objectives
(Continued from previous slide..)