Computer Network Protocols and Standards – TCP, IP, UDP, HTTP, Lecture notes of Machine Learning

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Protocols and Standards

Protocols

• A protocol is basically a synonym for the rule. In Computer Networks, basically, communication occurs between entities in different systems. An entity is anything that is capable of sending or receiving information. Any two entities cannot simply send bitstreams to each other and expect to be understood.
• The entities must need to agree on a protocol in order of occurrence of the communication.
• A Protocol is a set of rules that mainly govern data communications. The protocol mainly defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is communicated.

Types of Protocols and Standards

• There are several types of protocols and standards used in computer networks, including Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and network standards such as TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, among others.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

➢Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a fundamental component of computer networks, designed to ensure accurate and reliable data transmission between devices. As one of the core protocols in the Internet Protocol (IP) suite, TCP guarantees that all information packets arrive at their intended destination in the correct order and without errors. ➢TCP's well-established rules help facilitate smooth communication across various network architectures while maintaining high standards of security and performance. For example, when downloading a large file from a website or conducting online banking transactions, TCP ensures that your connection remains stable and secure throughout the entire process.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

1. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol that operates on top of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is faster than Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) because it does not guarantee the delivery of packets or in order delivery, making it less reliable.
2. UDP is commonly used for time-sensitive applications such as online gaming, video streaming, and voice-over-IP (VoIP), where speed and efficiency are more important than reliability.
3. It should be noted that while UDP does not provide flow control or error correction like TCP, it has several benefits. For one thing, it requires fewer resources than TCP since no state tracking is required at either end of the communication channel.
4. Professionals who work with computer networks must understand which protocols to use for specific applications to optimize network performance effectively.

Network Standards

• There are different types of network standards used in computer networks that are essential for data communication. These include

Standards

➢Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an open and creative market for the equipment manufacturers and they also guarantee the national and international interoperability of the data, telecommunication technology, and process. ➢Standards are mainly used to provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and also to other service providers in order to ensure the kind of interconnectivity that is necessary for today's marketplace and also in international communications.

• Data communication standards mainly fall into two categories:- 1. de facto (which means "by fact"/ "by convention") Those standards have not been approved by an organized body but have been adopted as standards through widespread use. These types of standards are often established originally by the manufacturers who just seek to define the functionality of their new product or technology. 2. de jure (which means "by law" /"by regulation") de jure standards are those standards that have been legislated by an officially recognized body.