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COMSAE LATEST VERSION CERTIFICATION EVALUATION SET 2026 ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS
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⫸ pulmonary effects of CF Answer: chronic bronchitis an dbronchiectasis ⫸ osteoporosis affects what parts of bone? Answer: (spongy and ) trabecular bone mass loss ⫸ imipramine Answer: TCA SE: Tri-Cs convulsions coma cardiotox antichol effects- confusion in elderly; (acute glaucoma and orthostatic hypotension- block alpha1) ⫸ viscerosomatic Answer: visceral disease --> somatic finding
⫸ loratidine vs ranitidine Answer: loratidine: 2nd gen H1 blocker, doesnt cross BBB --> less sedating ranitidine: H2 receptor antagonist (like cimetidine) ⫸ cells w RBCs inside Answer: entaemoba histolytica ⫸ which type of pneumothorax causes tracheal deviation to the contra side? Answer: tension ⫸ intracerebral hemorrhage adjacent to a lesion that contains a tangle of numerous tortuous vessels Answer: AVM arteriovenous malformation ⫸ cavernous hemangioma Answer: benign tumor of liver, A/W VHL ⫸ anti-HepB surface antibody is only present in what pop Answer: recovered or immunized not in chronic or ⫸ proctalgia fugax Answer: levator ani syndrome ⫸ fasciculus is UMN or LMN lesion? Answer: LMN
SCID hypoplastic thymus ⫸ lithiums effects on urination Answer: inhibits vasopression/ADH --> increased urinary frequency ⫸ infertility drug that can result in multiple fetuses Answer: clomiphene (clones- multiple babies) antagonist at estrogen R in hypothalamus (thus inhibits normal negative feedback) upregulates LH and FSH release from pituitary --> ovulation used to treat PCOS but can cause ovarian enlargement, multiple fetuses
⫸ AFP levels in down syndrome Answer: low ⫸ GI malformation A/W down syndrome Answer: Hirschprungs- congenital aganglionic megacolon defective relaxation and peristalsis of rectum and distal sigmoid colon failure to pass meconium, empty rectal vault, megacolon ⫸ myasthenia gravis associations Answer: thymoma, thymic hyperplasia ptosis, diplopia, can affect chewing, swallowing, speaking, shoulders, respiration ⫸ tx for tinea Answer: azoles ⫸ beta blockers for asthma Answer: none- even beta 1s can be nonselective at higher doses ⫸ what kind of teratogenic effects are seen w ACE/ARBs Answer: fetal renal agenesis ⫸ stones bones groans moans psych overtones Answer: high Ca or PTH
⫸ why does Hep D need Hep B? Answer: Hep D utilizes the HBV surface antigen as its envelope? ⫸ most common hepatitis A/W IVDA in the US Answer: hep c ⫸ roseola Answer: 4 day high fever then rash on the trunk (spares face) affects babies up to 2 years HHV6- affects CD4 helper cells and kills them off ⫸ erythema infectiosum Answer: slapped cheek parvovirus B nonspecific fever/prodrome then slapp cheek rash 5 days later, then rash appears on arms and spreads to trunk/legs rash can worsen w fever and sun exposure TORCH infxn so baby in womb that is exposed can lead to hydrops fetalis
⫸ most common STD Answer: chlamydia sxs similar to STI plus discharge will have high neutrophil count ⫸ dimorphic- butterflies Answer: candida, histo, cocci, paracocci, blasto, sporothrix, butterflies huge pair of cocc catching stamp ⫸ hip restricted in internal rotation dx? Answer: innom outflare ⫸ immune complex in glomerular mesangium 2 days after URI berger or PSGN? Answer: berger PSGN is 2 wks post URI ⫸ kidney ureter viscerosomatic innervation Answer: T10- 11
⫸ Cachexia mediated by Answer: TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL- 6 ⫸ Tx for Orotic aciduria Answer: Uridine - inhibits carbamoyl phosphate synthetase ⫸ Short acting benzos Answer: ATOM Alprazolam, Triazolam, Oxazepam, Midazolam ⫸ Medium acting benzos Answer: LET Lorazepam, Estraolam, Temazepam ⫸ Long acting benzos Answer: Clordiazepoxide, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Flurazepam ⫸ Climacteric period Answer: Menopause ⫸ Compartment syndrome d/t occlusion of: Answer: Microvasculature (small arteries) ⫸ Grave's disease ab Answer: anti-TSH ⫸ Addison's disease Answer: Primary adrenal insufficiency d/t adrenal atrophy or destruction by disease
⫸ hpL Answer: human placental lactogen - increases insulin resistance, stimulates proteolysis and lipolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis --> hyperinsulin, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia ⫸ Hit in front or back of head Answer: SBS compression ⫸ Hit under chin on same side Answer: Torsion ⫸ Blow on side of head Answer: Torsion strain ⫸ Hit on same side of head Answer: Lateral strain ⫸ Hit on forehead at top of head Answer: Superior strain ⫸ Hit at occiput Answer: Inferior strain ⫸ Touch, pain, temp sensation from ipsilateral face Answer: Spinal trigeminal nucleus ⫸ Ritodrine/Terbutaline Answer: Beta 2 agonist that relzxes the uterus to reduce premature uterine cotnractions; tocolytic "Ritodrine allows the fetus to return to dreams"
⫸ Cytosolic steroid receptor Answer: VET CAP Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone ⫸ Nuclear steroid receptor Answer: T3/T ⫸ Tetanus tx Answer: Tetanus antitoxin and tetanus toxoid series ⫸ Balantidium coli Answer: protozoa found in pigs ⫸ Sumatriptan Answer: 5-HT 1B/1D agonist --> vasoconstsriction, inhibition of trigeminal activation and vasoactive peptide release ⫸ Tx of S. pneumonia Answer: Penicillin ⫸ Asthma drugs that cause tremors Answer: Albuterol, Theophylline ⫸ Theophylline MOA Answer: inhibits phosphodiesterease --> dec cAMP ⫸ Xenograft Answer: from different species ⫸ syngeneic graft Answer: from identical twin ⫸ Cyclophosphamide Answer: alkylates DNA
⫸ inferior vesical artery Answer: goes to fundus of bladder ⫸ corticobulbar tract of internal capsule Answer: composed of UMN of CNs, for muscles of face, head, and neck all CNs except III, IV, VI ⫸ inhaled anthrax Answer: shows up as mediastinal widening on CXR ⫸ vaginosis and pH Answer: pH of greater than 4.5 is likely bacterial ⫸ insultation installers Answer: susceptible to asbestos ⫸ junctional rhythm Answer: pacemaker is the AV node. it usually presents without a P wave or with an inverted P wave. Retrograde P waves refers to the depolarization from the AV node back towards the SA node ⫸ ova in stool Answer: means one of the following: giardiasis amebiasis strongyloidosis taeniasis ⫸ hyperhidrosis Answer: abnormally increased sweating
minutes. Perforation of the colon may also occur in acute infections which can lead to life-threatening situations ⫸ Isosporiasis Answer: The coccidian parasite Isospora belli infects the epithelial cells of the small intestine, and is the least common of the three intestinal coccidia that infect humans (Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Isospora). Infection causes acute, non-bloody diarrhea with crampy abdominal pain, which can last for weeks and result in malabsorption and weight loss. In immunodepressed patients, and in infants and children, the diarrhea can be severe. Eosinophilia may be present (differently from other protozoan infections. ⫸ Cilostazol Answer: Cilostazol is approved for the treatment of intermittent claudication ⫸ Quadrigeminal cistern Answer: Superior cistern or cistern of the great cerebral vein ⫸ Duret haemorrhage Answer: Duret hemorrhages are small areas of bleeding in the ventral and paramedian parts of the upper brainstem, (midbrain and pons). They are secondary to raised intracranial pressure with formation of a transtentorial pressure cone involving the cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri) and other midbrain structures caused by raised pressure above the tentorium. Kernohan's notch is a groove in the cerebral peduncle that may be caused by this displacement of the brainstem against the incisura of the tentorium. The resulting ipsilateral hemiparesis is a false localising sign,[3] known as the Kernohan-Woltman syndrome.[4] This may
succeed or accompany temporal lobe (uncal) herniation and subfalcian herniation secondary to a supratentorial mass ⫸ 1mo development Answer: focus on face, lifts head, moro reflex, turns to sound, turns head to sound ⫸ 2mo development Answer: Coos, fixe and follow, grasps, smiles responsively, lifts head, turns head to sound ⫸ 4mo development Answer: Coos/squeals/laughs, Bears weight, follow 180 degrees, Grasps, Holds head/chest up, holds small toy, no head lag, reaches, rolls front to back, turns to sound ⫸ 6mo development Answer: Babbles, bears weight, laughs, pulls to sit, responds to name, rolls both ways, sits alone, transfers objects ⫸ 9 mo development Answer: Babbles, claps/waves/peek-a-boo, creepts/crawls, cruises, sits up on own, says mama/dada, plays pat-a- cake, Pincer grasp, pulls to stand, stands with support ⫸ 12mo development Answer: Cruises, fills/empties containers, sits up on own, holds up and drinks, imitates words, pincer grasp, stands a lone, turns pages, says 1-2 words, walks alone
knows on/off, over/under, plays cooperatively, pretend play, prints name, rides bike, skips, speaks understandably, tells, imaginary stories ⫸ Unpasteurized goat cheese Answer: Brucella ⫸ Laxative abuse Answer: electrolyte imbalance severe dehydration dependency stretched or "lazy" colon ⫸ balantidium coli Answer: protozoa that causes GI infection, ingest cysts thru infected water or food produces hyalonuridase and creates ulcers in mucosal walls ⫸ Isospora belli Answer: diarrhea, steatorrhea, malabsorption, non- bloody diarrhea ⫸ Ballottement test Answer: palpating surface of an organ at the surface of the body **i.e. during pregnancy, palpating the uterus ⫸ Tibial nerve Answer: can be compressed in the tarsal tunnel, roof of which is flexor retinaculum
⫸ Pentoxifylline Answer: used for intermittent claudication and vascular dementia it changes the shape of RBCs ⫸ Prevotella intermedia Answer: acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis periodontal infections ⫸ Prophyromonas gingivalis Answer: gingivitis, periodontal disease ⫸ Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Answer: another periodontal bug ⫸ enterovirus 17 Answer: notable cause of hand, foot and mouth disease ⫸ Menkes syndrome Answer: inborn error where body cannot absorb copper brittle hair, metaphyseal widening ⫸ Head and neck Answer: T1-T ⫸ Heart Answer: T1-T ⫸ Resp Answer: T1-T
