A-LEVEL EDEXCEL POLITICS ESSAY PLAN
Question: ‘How effective is Congress at carrying out its functions?’
INTRODUCTION
- Congress: bicameral legislature with key functions—legislation, oversight, representation,
checking the executive.
- Overall judgement: Congress remains powerful in theory but often limited in practice due to
partisanship and gridlock.
1. LEGISLATION
Argument – Often ineffective:
- Hyper-partisanship and polarisation lead to gridlock.
- Senate filibuster (60 votes) blocks many bills.
- Frequent budget stand-offs and government shutdowns (2013, 2018–19).
- Major legislation frequently stalls or dies in committee.
Counterargument – Can be effective:
- Unified government enables major legislative change (e.g., American Rescue Plan 2021).
- Bipartisan success still possible (e.g., First Step Act 2018; Infrastructure Bill 2021).
Mini-judgement:
Structural capacity strong, but political dynamics severely limit legislative effectiveness.
2. OVERSIGHT OF THE EXECUTIVE
Argument – Effective oversight powers:
- Committees with subpoena powers and investigative authority.
- High-profile investigations (Russia inquiry; Benghazi; Jan 6 Committee).
- Impeachment powers demonstrated (Trump 2019, 2021).
- Senate “advice and consent” blocks/ scrutinises nominations.
Counterargument – Effectiveness weakened:
- Partisan interests determine oversight intensity.
