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Anatomy & Physiology - Lab Practical
Pink histological stain -H&E Blue/black histological stain used for Connective Tissue -Silver stain Histological stain used most commonly with Elastic Tissue -Verhoeff's stain Exo- -Out, outside Matrix-/mater- -Womb, mother Epithe- -Laid on, covering A- -Without Vaso- -Vessel Epithelial tissue is ______ ________, thus _________ -Packed together, avascular Simple Squamous Epithelium function -Rapid diffusion or transport of substances across epithelium, secretes lubricating serous fluid Simple Squamous Epithelium locations -Alveoli (air sacs) of lungs, glomeruli (capillaries of kidneys), endothelium (inner lining of chambers of heart and blood vessels), and serosa (outer lining covering organs) & lining body cavities Simple Cuboidal Epithelium functions -Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement Simple Cuboidal Epithelium locations -Liver (bile), thyroid (thyroid hormone), mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles (of lung; mucus), and kidney tubules (urine production)
Simple Columnar Epithelium functions -Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus Simple Columnar Epithelium locations -Lining of GI tract from stomach on (microvilli absorb nutrients; mucus protects from acid), uterus (secretion of glycogen feeds the embryo) and uterine tubes (cilia move egg), some kidney tubules Pseudostratified Epithelium functions -Secretes and moves mucus Pseudostratified Epithelium -Respiratory tract (from nasal cavity to bronchi); portions of male urethra) Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium functions -Resists abrasion and stress; retards water loss through skin (keratin also extremely hydrophobic); resists penetration by pathogens Kerato- -Horn Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium locations -Epidermis (outer layer of all skin); palms and soles are heavily keratinized Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium functions -Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens, but will remain moist Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium locations -Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina (after puperty; prior to puberty the lining is a simple columnar epithelium) Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium functions -Secretes gland products; produces some reproductive hormones, aids in production of sperm Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium locations -Sweat gland ducts; found in some salivary glands and mammary glands; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules (in testes) Transitional Epithelium functions -Stretch; allows for filling of urinary tract Transitional Epithelium locations -Ureter (carry urine from kidneys to bladder) and bladder
Glyco- -Sugar, sweet Colloid- -Glue like Ground substance of fibrous connective tissue -Absorbs shock to protect cells Areol- -A little open space Areolar Tissue functions -Connects tissues/organs; provides blood supply and WBCs to nearby tissues Areolar Tissue locations -Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes of body cavities, between skin/muscles, surrounds nerves and blood vessels Reticular Tissue functions -Forms supportive stroma (framework) for organs; acts as a sponge to hold fluid in organs Reticular Tissue locations -Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow (all spongy tissues that hold liquid) Dense Regular Connective Tissue functions -Connect muscles to bones (tendons); connect bones (ligaments); in some types, elastic fibers allow for stretch and recoil (in walls of large arteries) Dense Regular Connective Tissue locations -Tendons and ligaments; lining larger arteries Dense Irregular Connective Tissue functions -Withstands unpredictable stresses from different directions Dense Irregular Connective Tissue locations -Dermis layer of skin (connects epidermis to hypodermis); forms capsules around organs White (yellow) fat -Most fat is white (yellow) fat (most significant in adults); provides thermal insulation and cushions organs; affects fertility in females and supplies extra calories in pregnancy
Brown fat -Mostly in fetuses, infants, children; color comes from blood vessels and unique mitochondrial enzymes; adipocytes of brown fat are full of mitochondria (mitochondrial enzymes lead to heat, rather than ATP, production); functions as a heat-generating tissue (also abundant in animals that hibernate) Adipose Tissue functions -Energy storage, insulation, cushioning organs; heat production in infants and children (brown fat) Adipose Tissue locations -Under skin, around organs, acts as "filler" throughout the body Chondro- -Cartilage Lacunae- -Lakes, cavities Peri- -Around Cartilage is an _________ tissue because of _____ ______ in ECM -Avascular, dense fibers Chondroblasts -Secrete/produce the ECM; are trapped by it, then differentiate to osteoblasts Chondrocytes -Mature cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae Perichondrium -Sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage Hyaline- -Glass like Hyaline Cartilage functions -Forms the fetal skeleton (later replaced with bone), connects bones and eases joint movement, growth of long bones before puberty (forms "epiphyseal plate"), provides open structure of airway Hyaline Cartilage locations -Fetal skeleton, articular cartilage (at "articulations" of bones), costal cartilages joining ribs to sternum, rings of trachea, larynx
Osteocytes -Mature bones within lacunae Canaliculi -"Little canals" between lacunae, allowing osteocytes to contact each other Periosteum -Similar to perichondrium; a dense irregular CT covering the whole bone; also contains a reserve of osteoblasts Compact Bone functions -Supportive frame for body; used as "levers" for muscle movement; storage of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals Compact Bone locations -Outer covering of entire skeletal system "Fluid" CT -Designed for transport and immune function throughout the body Lymph -"Tissue fluid"; blood plasma that escapes into tissues as a result of capillary exchange Blood -ECM: "plasma" (ground substance: blood serum); cells: "formed elements" Erythrocytes -Red blood cells; transport O2 via hemoglobin Erythro- -Red Leukocytes -White blood cells; defend against infection and disease Platelets -Cell fragments that "plug" broken blood vessels and initiate the clotting cascade via clotting proteins in ECM Blood Smear functions -Transport; immune Blood Smear locations -Within circulatory system
Glia- -Glue Neurons -Detect stimuli; communicate rapidly to other cells using "action potentials"; prescence of myelin around axons enhances communication speed Neuroglia -Protect and assist neurons; "housekeepers" of nervous system; more numerous than neurons Dendrites -Multiple short, branched processes around soma; receive signals from other cells; pass signal on to neurosoma Soma- -Body Neurosoma (cell body) -Contains nucleus and organelles; controls protein synthesis Axon (nerve fiber) -Usually only 1 per neuron; sends outgoing signals to other neurons, muscle fibers, glands, etc.; can be more than a meter long Nervous Tissue functions -Communication by action potentials and neurotransmitters Nervous Tissue locations -Throughout body in central and peripheral nervous systems Skeletal Muscle Tissue functions -Voluntary/conscious control over movements, speech, swallowing, facial expressions, urination/defecation Stria- -Stripe Skeletal Muscle Tissue locations -Attached to skeleton, tongue, proximal esophagus, facial muscles, sphicters (ring-like muscles that open/close) Cardiac Muscle Tissue functions -Contraction of the heart Cardiac Muscle Tissue locations -Heart
Telophase -Chromosomes gather at each pole of cell. Chromatin decondenses. New nuclear envelope appears at each pole. New nucleoli appear in each nucleus. Mitotic spindle vanishes. Nuclear Division -End of nuclear division Cytokinesis -Actual seperation of two daughter cells
