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Biology 220 Exam 1
adipocyte - Question and answersa single cell of fat fibroblast - Question and answersthe cell responsible for making the matrix. scattered about in the matrix. the matrix is made up of - Question and answerssubstances that are non living and fibers the difference between loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue is - Question and answershow the fibers are arranged. neat is regular, crazy is irregular in the matrix there will also be ______ - Question and answersliving cells one of the most important things to help keep the elastin and collagen healthy is to have ample amounts of ______ - Question and answersanti oxidants cells that are always going to be in the matrix if you are healthy are - Question and answersmacrophage, plasma cell, mast cell type of white blood cell that can be found in connective tissue and doesn't have to be in the blood stream. it is a defense cell - Question and answersmacrophage defense cells that are lymphocytes and are loaded with antibodies. they are like bullets are recognize and antigen and fires its "bullets" and the E. coli - Question and answersplasma cell produce heparin and release histamines. make the consistency of the matrix, health and composition of the CT - Question and answersmast cells the matrix is supposed to provide a nice environment for - Question and answersblood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics connective tissue is usually _______ around blood vessels - Question and answersloose areolar the dense regular is going to be more around - Question and answerstendons and ligaments
____ is an example of connective tissue that is an exception to the rule - Question and answerscartilage ________ is found in the outer ear - Question and answerselastic cartilage __________ is found between your vertebrae - Question and answersfibrous cartilage ________ is the most common and is a type of cartilage that will eventually become bone when you get older - Question and answershyaline cartilage the cells that make up hyaline cartilage are - Question and answerschondroblasts, chondrocytes, chondroclasts what conjures up cartilage - Question and answerschondroblasts what are mature chondroblasts - Question and answerschondrocytes what destroys - Question and answerschondroclasts what is the space in the matrix that has one or two chondroblast (or chondrocytes depending on if the cell is finished growing or not) - Question and answerslacuna what makes the matrix hard - Question and answerschondroblast/chondrocyte does the matrix have blood vessels running though it? - Question and answersno it is avascular a good place to find adipose tissue is in _____ the, the top is ______ - Question and answerstrachea, pseudostratified with cilia and columnar how big adipose tissue is depends on - Question and answershow much fat they are trying to store a lack of _____ keeps from mending or healing of cartilage - Question and answersblood vessels muscle must have - Question and answerscells that have contractility, named by location, appearance, and function attached to the skeletal system, striated-voluntary; each cell tends to be like a cylinder- blunt at the end, multi nucleated, nuclei tends to be close to the surface of the membrane; cross striations and t tubules - Question and answersskeletal muscle a part of the visceral organs- involuntary; found lining the intestinal tract, also found lining other tubes, ducts, and passageways; spindle shaped, only one nucleus (usually
oddball of all membranes; it only contains connective tissue and does not have epithelial tissue. fluid that you find lubricating joints (knees) - Question and answerssynovial membrane membrane of skin; the epidermis and dermis make up this - Question and answerscutaneous membrane means that it has a potential charge; proteins can be this - Question and answersamphoteric ______ is covering the organ - Question and answersvisceral _____ is lining the space - Question and answersparietal ____ is an organ because it is made up of more than two tissues - Question and answersskin what are the different layers of the epidermis - Question and answersstratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum (basalis) when you touch your skin, you are touching this layer. totally dead, and are mostly fat cells. they have accumulated protein called keratin, which is a waterproof layer. - Question and answersstratum corneum located on hands and feet; produces more keratin - Question and answersstratum lucidum the organelles are no longer functioning; look like clumps/dead cells with granules in them - Question and answersstratum granulosum when the cells begin to crenate and die - Question and answersstratum spinosum right above the basement membrane. these cells are nice and poofy, healthy, normal, and reproducing by mitosis. as long as the cells are healthy and reproducing, you can replenish and rejuvenate your skin. these cells are going to be taking a journey to the surface and during that journey they begin to die. one of the first signs that the cell is dying is the membrane losing its ability to control what comes in and out of the cell. removing the stratum corneum during exfoliation encourages mitosis reproduction. - Question and answersstratum germinativum this is mostly dense irregular connective tissue, but can be loose areolar. in this layer there will be hair shafts, glands, blood vessels, pressure receptors, pain receptors, and capillaries. together as a cutaneous membrane, they are going to help with protection, sensation, secretion. - Question and answersdermis underlying tissue - Question and answerssubcutaneous
functions of the skin: - Question and answers1. protectoin, secretion, sensation
- helps maintain your fluid and electrolyte balance
- helps maintain optimum body temp
- prevent microorganism invasion
- minimizes bodily injury to delicate structures below
- because of pigmentation it helps protect you from excessive light what are some things that skeletal tissue does - Question and answers1. supports soft tissue
- protects delicate structures (brain, heart)
- serve as lever for movement
- storage for minerals and fat
- blood cell production in red bone marrow 5 types of bone - Question and answers1. long (compact bone all over-center is spongy)
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesmoid when are the bones are together in place they are said to be - Question and answersarticulated ________ are bones formed as a result of pressure and compression on connective tissue - Question and answerssesmoid bones bone that comes from cartilage - Question and answersendochondrial cartilage bone that comes from a chunk of fibrous connective tissue, such as the kneecap - Question and answersintramembranous most of the long bone, short bone come from - Question and answershyaline cartilage most of the flat bones come from - Question and answersintramembraneus this is the two ends of the bone that are enlarged. they are encapsulated on both ends by what is called the articular cartilage - Question and answersepiphysis the articular cartilage is ________ and it will be participating in the joint for movement. - Question and answershyaline cartilage main shaft of the bone - Question and answersdiaphysis
when an artery or arteriole enters a place it eventually has to form a ______, which then forms into a _____ or existing cardiovascular system - Question and answerscapillary bed, venus system the venus system is going to go back into a blood vessel called a - Question and answersvein when an artery or arteriole enters a place it eventually has to form a capillary bed, which then forms into a venus system or existing cardiovascular system. that venus system is going to go back into a blood vessel called a vein. this is called - Question and answerssystemic circulation basic unit of structure for compact bone - Question and answersosteon or haversion systems this is a central blood vessel in an osteon and it is the blood vessel branching off of the volkmann's canal - Question and answershaversion canal layer running around the central blood vessel - Question and answerslamella osteoblasts/osteocytes have a space in which it is confined called a - Question and answerslacuna in between the osteons - Question and answersinterstitial lamella ______ bone started out as a piece of hyaline catilage; you end up with spongy and compact bone (long bones) - Question and answersendochondrial _______ bone started out as dense fibrous connective tissue (flat bones) - Question and answersintramembranous the beginning of bone formation occurs before birth and continues until after _____ - Question and answerspuberty endochondrial bone startes out in a fetus as a piece of hyaline cartilage which is called _________ - Question and answersendochondrial bone formation the first place things begin to happen in endochondrial bone formation is _______, which is located in the - Question and answersprimary site of ossification, diaphysis in the primary site of ossification the cells begin to loose their ____ and start to get poofy. - Question and answersintegrity the ______ are dead and dying but while this is happening you are going to have the invasion of blood vessels. - Question and answerschondrocytes
when the blood comes in during endochondrial bone formation it brings in some bone making cells, _____ that are outside - Question and answersosteoblasts the _______ are located in the epiphysis - Question and answerssecondary site of ossification the secondary site of ossification has no - Question and answersendosteum intramembranous bone develop from - Question and answersdense fibrous connective tissue chunk surrounding the dense fibrous connective tissue in intramembranous bones is _____ - Question and answersan outer coating like the periosteum in intramembranous bone formation there are many - Question and answerscenters of ossification in intramembranous bone formation _____ is broken down - Question and answersfibrous connective tissue calcium and phosphates are mandatory in bone because they ______ into the fibers to give you the strength you need. - Question and answersdeposit Ca++ absorption in intestine; it is used to make minerals out of the source and into the body. you can get it from the sun - Question and answersvitamin D if your osteoclasts are not functioning correctly; you'll end up having slow widdling, which means slow bone growth - Question and answersvitamin A get this from fruit; adequate amounts are necessary to make enough collagen. not enough=fragile bones - Question and answersvitamin C encourages epiphysial plate replacement. too much=giant, too little=dwarf - Question and answersgrowth hormone (gh) too much of it or too little= stunted growth - Question and answersthyroid hormone too little thyroxin says to the body "_____" - Question and answersdont make more gh too much thyroxin = - Question and answersquick replacement of epiphysial plate raises calcium in blood - Question and answersparathormone lowers calcium in blood - Question and answersthyrocalcitonin
_______ have a connection so that ions can travel between cells - Question and answersgap junctions _____ proteins that go from the outside to the inside, through the membrane - Question and answersintegral proteins proteins that are on the outside or stuck on the inside - Question and answersperipheral proteins _____ is the brain of the cell because they are functional and make things happen - Question and answersprotein _____ decrease the level of activation energy required and speed up the reaction - Question and answersenzymes what is the chemical part of the cell membrane that is important for structure? - Question and answersthe double phospholipid layer when peripheral proteins are opening and closing channels we call this - Question and answersacting like gates the _____ on the edges of the cell membrane support and akso help the membrane maintain a certain level of rigidity but yet fluidity. - Question and answerscholesterol the cell membrane must be ____ in order for it to function correctly - Question and answerspolarized on the outside of a resting membrane it is ____, and on the inside it is ____ - Question and answerspositive, negative what is the average inside charge of the membrane at rest. - Question and answers- mv the outside of the cell tends to have more - Question and answerssodium ions (+ charged) the ____ ion is more difficult to be transported into the cell through the membrane - Question and answerssodium there are more ______ on the inside than the outside - Question and answerspotassium (+ charged) ______ has a much easier time going through the membrane - Question and answerspotassium sulfate, phosphate are maintaining the - Question and answersnegativity
proteins can give off a hydrogen making it a negative ion serving as a _____ - Question and answersbuffer the process of sodium coming in is called - Question and answersdepolarization the process of the potassium channel opening and all the events that follow is called - Question and answersrepolarization __ sodium from in and __ potassium from out to try to get the same number of ions as before - Question and answers3, 2 ____ is a series of membranes, its purpose is to compartmentalize. - Question and answersendoplasmic reticulum a ____ has a large subunit and a small subunit - Question and answersribosome large subunit of a ribosome is an ____, small subunit is ___ - Question and answersenzyme, rRNA _____ that are spread throughout the cytoplasm are used for proteins that will stay in the cell - Question and answerspolyribosomes the ____ consists of stacks/layers called ciserna; the purpose of this organelle is to get the substance close to the membrane, so the cell membrane can encapsulate it, and turn it into a vesicle which pinches off, makes way to the cell membrane and the vesicle goes into the cell membrane and the substance is ejected - Question and answersGolgi apparatus the ___ is the primary organelle in your cell that packages and send things out - Question and answersgolgi golgi sends things out by ___ - Question and answersactive transport in the inner matrix of the mitochondria ___ and ___ is present - Question and answersDNA, RNA the dna and rna in the mitochondria allow it to - Question and answersdivide by fission the ER thrives to a little organelle called _____ - Question and answersperoxisome the peroxisome is filled with _____ - Question and answersperoxidase ______ job is to free up the cells internal environment from free radicals - Question and answersperoxidase's
the ______ has large pores that will allow mRNA to get out - Question and answersnuclear membrane the _____ DNA is going to control everything - Question and answersmother's _____ is taking and transcribing the strand - Question and answerstranscription in transcription the ___ breaks from the DNA and slips into one of the nuclear pores. it doesnt know where to go , but it is looking for a piece of ER where ribosomes are attached. - Question and answersmRNA the _____ which is the small subunit on ribosomes of the rough ER, acts as a stabilizer and as the molecule that progresses things. it is a moving process - Question and answersrRNA the _____ is the active part of the tRNA - Question and answersanticodon the anticodon is responsible for picking up only one kind of - Question and answersamino acid group of 3 tRNA is called _____ group of 3 mRNA is called _____ group of 3 DNA is called ____ - Question and answersanticodon, codon, triplet fat is second desirable when the body needs energy because it leads to - Question and answerspH changes the cleanest "fuel" is - Question and answerscarbohydrates we don't like to use fat as our primary source of energy on a regular basis because - Question and answersa lot of intermediate end products are detrimental to us what is the formula for glucose - Question and answersC6H12O ____ is an anaerobic process (oxygen not used) but oxygen is present, this is the first step of the carbohydrate pathway. - Question and answersglycolysis in glycolysis you take a glucose molecule and splits it into _____ each with 3 carbons - Question and answers2 pyruvic acid molecules simple squamous epithelium is very thin and it ______. covers organs and spaces that ____ covers the lining of your _____ and can be found int - Question and answersprotects do not open to the outside world blood vessels, intestines
