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University of Texas Arlington Fall 2024 BIOL 2457 - Anatomy & Physiology I - Ch. 4: Tissues A single muscle ____________ is multi-nucleated. Correct Answers Cell. Acini Correct Answers Clusters of secretory cells. Adipose connective tissue Correct Answers Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes (fat cells), have nucleus pushed to the side of the cell by large fat droplet. All fibers are produced by ________________ within the connective tissue. Correct Answers Fibroblasts Apical surface Correct Answers Surface of epithelia that is not attached to surrounding tissue - it is exposed to either the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ. Apocrine glands Correct Answers Apical membrane pinches off and becomes secretion (there is debate whether or not we have these glands). Areolar connective tissue Correct Answers Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types (collagen, elastic, and reticular); cells: microphages, fibroblasts, mast cells, and some white blood cells. Basal surface Correct Answers Surface of epithelia that is attached to the underlying connective tissue.
Blood connective tissue Correct Answers Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Blood is the only _________ connective tissue in the body. Correct Answers Fluid Body membranes Correct Answers 1. Mucous
- Serous
- Cutaneous
- Synovial Bone connective tissue Correct Answers Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized. Bone is _______ thirds organic and __________ thirds inorganic. Correct Answers 2/3 organic; 1/3 inorganic. Cardiac muscle tissue Correct Answers Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions (intercalated discs). Cell shapes Correct Answers 1. Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar Cellular fragments Correct Answers Platelets; help blood clot. Characteristics of connective tissue Correct Answers 1. Cells
- Protein fibers
- Ground substance
Connective tissue is found in... Correct Answers 1. Bones
- Tendons
- Fat and other soft-padding tissue Cuboidal cells Correct Answers About the same size on all sides (cube-shaped); nucleus is usually centrally located. Cutaneous membrane Correct Answers Is in the skin (epidermis and dermis) Definition of Tissues Correct Answers Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function. Dense irregular connective tissue Correct Answers Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the major cell type. Dense regular connective tissue Correct Answers Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Ducts Correct Answers Transport secretions to the epithelial surface; surrounded by a fibrous capsule. Extensions of capsule include septa, partition gland into lobes. Each ring within bone connective tissue is considered what? Correct Answers A lamella Elastic cartilage connective tissue Correct Answers Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in the matrix.
Elastic connective tissue Correct Answers Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers. Elastic fibers Correct Answers Randomly coiled - stretch and recoil like a spring, very elastic (e.g. skin, lungs, blood vessels). Endocrine glands Correct Answers Secrete hormones into blood and lack ducts. Epithelial polarity Correct Answers Apical and basal surfaces. Epithelial tissue is found in... Correct Answers 1. Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs
- Glands (e.g. pancreas)
- Skin surface (epidermis) Epithelium types Correct Answers 1. Simple epithelium
- Stratified epithelium
- Pseuodstratified epithelium Erythrocytes Correct Answers Red blood cells that transport respiratory gasses. Example of apocrine gland Correct Answers Mammary gland Example of compound alveolar gland Correct Answers Mammary glands Example of compound tubuloalveolar gland Correct Answers Salivary glands
Function of areolar connective tissue Correct Answers Wraps and cushions organs; its microphages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and coveys tissue fluid. Function of blood connective tissue Correct Answers Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Function of bone connective tissue Correct Answers Supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Function of cardiac muscle tissue Correct Answers As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Function of connective tissue Correct Answers Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together. Function of dense irregular connective tissue Correct Answers Withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. Function of dense regular connective tissue Correct Answers Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.
Function of elastic cartilage connective tissue Correct Answers Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Function of elastic connective tissue Correct Answers Allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration. Function of epithelial tissue Correct Answers Forms boundaries between different environments; protects, secretes, absorbs, filters. Function of fibrocartilage connective tissue Correct Answers Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock. Function of hyaline cartilage connective tissue Correct Answers Amorphous, but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature, lie in lacunae. Function of muscle tissue Correct Answers Contracts to cause movement. Function of nervous tissue Correct Answers Internal communication. Function of nervous tissue Correct Answers Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands); supporting cells support and protect neurons.
Function of stratified cuboidal epithelium Correct Answers Forms tubes and coverings, protection, and secretion; forms walls of ducts in most exocrine glands. Function of stratified squamous epithelium Correct Answers Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Function of transitional epithelium Correct Answers Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ. Functions of smooth muscle tissue Correct Answers Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Glands Correct Answers Individual cells or multicellular organs composed of epithelial tissue. Ground substance Correct Answers Mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and water. Histology Correct Answers The study of the microscopic structure of tissues. Holocrine glands Correct Answers The ruptured cell becomes secretion. How are epithelial cells bound? Correct Answers They are strongly bound to each other via their lateral surfaces by intercellular junctions.
Hyaline cartilage connective tissue Correct Answers Amorphous, but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature, lie in lacunae. Inorganic parts of bone Correct Answers Ca2+ salts (provide compressional strength) Intercalated discs Correct Answers Specialized forms of gap junctions found within cardiac muscle tissue. Junction types within epithelial tissue: Correct Answers 1. Tight junctions
- Desmosomes
- Gap junctions Leukocytes Correct Answers White blood cells that protect against infectious agents. Merocine glands Correct Answers Package secretions into vesicles and released by exocytosis. Mucous membranes Correct Answers Line passages that open to the external environment (e.g. nose, mouth) Muscle is comprised of cells called _____________. Correct Answers Fibers Muscle tissue is found in... Correct Answers 1. Muscles attached to the bones
- Muscles of the heart
Plasma Correct Answers Liquid ground substance within blood connective tissue that dissolves proteins and transports waste, nutrients, and hormones. Protein fibers and ground substance comprise the ____________________. Correct Answers Extracellular matrix. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Correct Answers Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei are seen at different levels; may contain mucus- secreting cells and have cilia. Pseudostratified epithelium Correct Answers Appears to have multiple layers, but all cells attach to the basement membrane; this is a subtype of simple epithelium. Ratio of glial cells to neurons Correct Answers 3: Red blood cells are anucleated, true or false? Correct Answers True Reticular connective tissue Correct Answers Loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance; reticular cells lie on fibers. Reticular fibers Correct Answers Thin strands of collagen that brand to form extensive networks for supporting tissue (e.g. liver, spleen). Sections Correct Answers Slices
Serous membranes Correct Answers Have two layers (parietal and visceral) and secrete friction-reducing fluid between them. (e.g. pericardium, pleurae, peritoneum) Simple alveolar gland Correct Answers A gland shaped like a flask and does not branch. Simple branched alveolar gland Correct Answers Secretory portions of gland expand into saclike compartments along duct. Simple branched tubular gland Correct Answers Branched, tubelike gland; duct short or absent. Simple columnar epithelium Correct Answers Single layer of cells with round to oval nuclei; many cells have microvilli, some have cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands, or goblet cells. Simple cuboidal epithelium Correct Answers Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical, central nuclei. Simple epithelium Correct Answers Consists of a single layer of cells; all cells have an apical surface and attach to the basement membrane. Simple squamous epithelium Correct Answers Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped, central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia.
Stratified epithelium Correct Answers Consists of two or more layers of cells; not all cells have an apical surface, nor do all cells attach to the basement membrane. Stratified squamous epithelium Correct Answers Thick epithelium composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal/columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are squamous; in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead cells; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers. Synovial membranes Correct Answers Line the cavities of some joints and secrete friction-reducing fluid there. The entire nervous system is made up of ____________ tissue. Correct Answers Nervous The result of shortening is called ___________. Correct Answers Movement Three histological types of muscle in the body Correct Answers
- Skeletal muscle tissue
- Cardiac muscle tissue
- Smooth muscle tissue Transitional epithelium Correct Answers Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome-shaped or squamous-like, depending on the degree of organ stretch.
Two forms of bone Correct Answers 1. Spongy bone
- Compact bone Types of cells found in connective tissue Correct Answers Fibroblasts, osteocytes, and adipocytes. Types of exocrine glands Correct Answers Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine Types of protein fibers Correct Answers 1. Collagen fibers
- Elastic fibers
- Reticular fibers Unicellular exocrine glands Correct Answers Located close to the epithelium surface, and do not contain a duct. What are functions of glial cells? Correct Answers 1. Support, insulate, and protect neurons.
- Increase electrical impulse conduction by neurons.
- Provide neurons with nutrients from nearby blood vessels. What are the four primary tissue types of the body? Correct Answers 1. Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous What are the three types of microscopy? Correct Answers 1. Light microscopy (LM)
- Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
What proteins are found in smooth muscle tissue? Correct Answers Myosin and actin. Where can you find adipose connective tissue? Correct Answers Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen, and in breasts, Where can you find areolar connective tissue? Correct Answers Widely distributed under epithelia of body (subcutaneous) (forms lamina propria of mucus membranes); packages organs; surrounds capillaries/blood vessels. Where can you find blood connective tissue? Correct Answers Within the blood vessels (cardiovascular system). Where can you find bone connective tissue? Correct Answers Bone Where can you find cardiac muscle tissue? Correct Answers Walls of the heart. Where can you find dense irregular connective tissue? Correct Answers Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints (knee/shoulder); dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract; ligaments, and ball/socket joints. Where can you find dense regular connective tissue? Correct Answers Tendons (muscle to bone), most ligaments, aponeuroses.
Where can you find elastic cartilage connective tissue? Correct Answers Supports the external ear (pinna), tip of nose, and the epiglottis. Where can you find elastic connective tissue? Correct Answers Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the wall of the bronchial tubes; stomach, urinary bladder, lungs, and blood vessels (veins). Where can you find fibrocartilage connective tissue? Correct Answers Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint. Where can you find hyaline cartilage connective tissue? Correct Answers Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; forms cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx. Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea. Where can you find nervous tissue? Correct Answers Brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium? Correct Answers Ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi). Non-ciliated type in males' sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands. Where can you find reticular connective tissue? Correct Answers Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, and spleen).
