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Question:
What are the points which should be kept in view while constructing a graph?
Answer: The following points should be remembered while constructing the graph. Use clear titles and indicate when and how the data were collected (i.e.
the theme of
the graphs and the source of data). Ensure that the scales are clear, understandable and represent the data accurately. When
possible, use symbols for extra data.
Always keep in mind the reason why a graph is being used (i.e. to highlight some
information or data in a striking and unambiguous way) and anything that
facilitates this objective is desirable.
Question:
What is variable? Explain its types.
Answer: Variable: A characteristic that can vary or differ is called a variable, such as
age, location, or education level. It is a term used in statistics to describe the
factors that are to be studied. A variable can be classified in to qualitative and quantitative according to the form of char
acteristics of interest. Qualitative
variable: A variable is called a quantitative variable when a characteristic can be expressed numerically such as age, weight, income or
number of children.
Quantitative variable: A variable is called a quantitative variable when a characteristic can not be expressed numerically such as education, sex, eye-
color,
quality, intelligence, poverty, satisfaction, etc A quantitative variable can be classified in to two categories, discrete va
riable and continuous variable. Discrete
variable: A discrete variable can assume v
alues by counting process, such as the number of persons in a family, the number of rooms in a house, the number of
deaths in an accident, the income of an individual, etc. It can take on only a discrete set of integers or whole numbers. Continuous variabl
e: A continuous
variable can assume values by measuring process such as such as the age of a person, the height of a plant, the weight of a c
ommodity, the temperature at a
place, etc. It can take on any value-fractional or integral––within a given interval.
Question:
Explain Sampled population and Target population.
Answer: Sampled population - The population from which the sample is taken. Target population -
The population about which inferences are made. I explain u with the
help of the following example Suppose we want to know the opinions of college students in the province of Punjab with regard to the present examinati
on
system. Then our Population will consist of the total number of students in all the colleges of Punjab. Suppose we conduct a sur
vey only on five colleges
through out the province due to shortage of resources. In such a case, the target population consists of the students of all
the colleges in Punjab while on the
other hand, the sampled populations consists of students of five coll
eges. The students of these five colleges are the representative of the students of all the
colleges; the result would be applicable to all the colleges.
Question:
Differentiate between inferential and descriptive statistics.
Answer: Descriptive Statistics: It is that branch of statistics which deals with concepts and methods concerned with summarization & description of th
e important
numerical data. Inferential Statistics: It deals with procedures for making inferences about the characteristics of the
larger group of data or the whole called the
population, from the knowledge derived from only the part of data.
Question:
define infrentional statistics.
Answer: Inferential Statistics uses sample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions, or ot
her generalizations about a larger set of data (population). It is further
divided in two main areas: 1 Estimation 2 Testing of Hypothesis
Question:
What is observation give details?
Answer: OBSERVATION: In statistics, an observation often means any so
rt of numerical recording of information, whether it is a physical measurement such as height
or weight; a classification such as heads or tails, or an answer to a question such as yes or no.
Question:
What is random error?
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