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Asphalt Concrete and Construction Materials: Q&A, Exams of Nursing

Valdosta State University (VSU)Nursing

A series of questions and answers related to construction materials, specifically focusing on asphalt. It covers various aspects of asphalt cement, emulsion, and cutback, including their properties, uses, and the different layers of asphalt pavement. The document also delves into the characteristics of asphalt binder, such as its visco-elastic nature and temperature sensitivity, and explores different grading methods like penetration grading, viscosity grading, and performance grading (pg). Additionally, it addresses the composition of bituminous materials, the production of asphalt concrete, and desirable properties of hot mix asphalt (hma). The document further discusses asphalt concrete mix design, specimen compaction, pavement failure types, and the advantages of asphalt concrete recycling. It is a useful resource for students and professionals in civil engineering and construction.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 08/25/2025

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Construction Materials – Asphalt
Questions with Correct Answers
What is asphalt cement used for? - ANSWERSHMA, patching
What is asphalt emulsion used for? - ANSWERSCold mix & maintenance applications
What is asphalt cutback used for? - ANSWERSCold mix & maintenance applications
What are the properties of asphalt cement (binder)? - ANSWERS- Adheres well to most
rock
- Waterproof
- Fairly durable
- Resistant to reaction with most acids, alkalis, and salts
- Temperature sensitive
What are the different layers of asphalt pavement? - ANSWERSSurface, base,
subbase, and subgrade in that order
Asphalt binder is a visco-elastic material. What does that mean? - ANSWERS- Viscous
at high temps, like a fluid
- Elastic at low temps, like a solid
- Its characteristics depend on both temperature and loading rate
What are asphalt binder's specifications based on? - ANSWERSPhysical properties
What is asphalt binder alone used for? - ANSWERSFor sealing and waterproofing
What is asphalt binder + aggregate used for? - ANSWERSMainly for hot mix asphalt
pavement surfacing (HMA)
What is asphalt cement made of? - ANSWERSAsphalt binder
What is asphalt concrete made of? - ANSWERSAsphalt binder + aggregate
True or false, asphalt is highly affected by temperature? - ANSWERSTrue
What does asphalt that is too brittle result in? - ANSWERSThermal cracking
What does asphalt that is too soft result in? - ANSWERSRutting
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Construction Materials – Asphalt

Questions with Correct Answers

What is asphalt cement used for? - ANSWERSHMA, patching What is asphalt emulsion used for? - ANSWERSCold mix & maintenance applications What is asphalt cutback used for? - ANSWERSCold mix & maintenance applications What are the properties of asphalt cement (binder)? - ANSWERS- Adheres well to most rock

  • Waterproof
  • Fairly durable
  • Resistant to reaction with most acids, alkalis, and salts
  • Temperature sensitive What are the different layers of asphalt pavement? - ANSWERSSurface, base, subbase, and subgrade in that order Asphalt binder is a visco-elastic material. What does that mean? - ANSWERS- Viscous at high temps, like a fluid
  • Elastic at low temps, like a solid
  • Its characteristics depend on both temperature and loading rate What are asphalt binder's specifications based on? - ANSWERSPhysical properties What is asphalt binder alone used for? - ANSWERSFor sealing and waterproofing What is asphalt binder + aggregate used for? - ANSWERSMainly for hot mix asphalt pavement surfacing (HMA) What is asphalt cement made of? - ANSWERSAsphalt binder What is asphalt concrete made of? - ANSWERSAsphalt binder + aggregate True or false, asphalt is highly affected by temperature? - ANSWERSTrue What does asphalt that is too brittle result in? - ANSWERSThermal cracking What does asphalt that is too soft result in? - ANSWERSRutting

What are the different grades of asphalt? - ANSWERSSoft (low viscosity) asphalt Hard (high viscosity) asphalt Where is soft (low viscosity) asphalt used? - ANSWERSIn cold climates to avoid thermal cracking Where is hard (high viscosity) asphalt used? - ANSWERSIn hot climates to avoid rutting Bituminous materials are hydrocarbons. What are hydrocarbons? - ANSWERS- Very complex chemical composition that depends on the oil source and refining method

  • Mostly hydrogen & carbon atoms with some sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen
  • Molecular structure is more important than composition What is the common way to grade asphalt nowadays? - ANSWERSPerformance grading (PG) What methods of asphalt grading were used in the past? - ANSWERS- Penetration grading (pen)
  • Viscosity grading (AC)
  • Aged residue grading (AR) What is superpave and what does it stand for? - ANSWERSSuperior Performing Asphalt Pavements
    • Mix design method for asphalt concrete
    • Performance grading method for asphalt binder specification What are the different performance grade binder characterizations? - ANSWERS- Control specific distresses (rutting, fatigue cracking, thermal cracking)
  • Specific aging conditions (unaged, construction, long term) What is the aging process known as Rolling Thin-Film Oven (RTFO)? - ANSWERSShort-term aging to simulate hardening during construction at 325F for 75 min What is the aging process know as Pressure Aging Vessel? - ANSWERSLong-term aging to simulate hardening in service. It is aged in RFTO first, then 20 hours at 305 psi & 90-110C What are the performance grade binder tests? - ANSWERS1. Flash Point
  1. Viscosity (rotational)
  2. Dynamic shear rheometer a. Neat b. Rutting c. Fatigue
  3. Bending Beam rheometer

What is performance grading based on field performance? - ANSWERS- Starts with PG (Performance Graded) followed by 2 numbers - max. & min. pavement service temps. in Celsius

  • High is measured 20 mm (3/4") below pavement surface, low measured at surface What are the design criteria of various test parameters (rutting, fatigue, thermal cracking) - ANSWERS- Criteria remain consistent for all grades but the specified temperatures change
  • Temps. vary from year to year so we use statistics assuming normal distribution
  • Using average is 50% reliability, but 2 standard deviations are 98% reliabilty
  • Round outwards to nearest grade that satisfies both What is asphalt cutback and what is it made of? - ANSWERS- Made of asphalt cement
  • solvent
  • Hazardous, volatile solvents and hydrocarbons are released
  • Cold mix maintenance, patching, chip seals, crack sealing, base and sub-base stabilization, and surfacing low volume roads What is asphalt emulsion and what is it made of? - ANSWERS- Made of asphalt cement
  • water + emulsifying agent
  • Many of the same uses as cutback Why is emulsion preferred over cutback? - ANSWERS- Safer
  • Used with damp aggregates
  • Might be slightly more economic
  • Better environmentally How are asphalt emulsions graded? - ANSWERS- By setting time and viscosity
    • RS = rapid setting = 5-10 min
    • MS = medium setting = several hours
    • SS = slow setting = a few months Anioic - ANSWERSNegative charge Cationic - ANSWERSPositive charge How is asphalt concrete produced? - ANSWERSIn batch or drum plants How much of the roads in the U.S. do flexible pavements make up? - ANSWERS93% of 2 million miles of paved roads What are the desirable properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)? - ANSWERS- Stable - resist permanent deformations under load
  • Fatigue resistant - under repeated loading
  • Resistant to thermal cracking - due to contraction at low temps
  • Resistant to hardening or aging - during production and in service
  • Resistant to moisture inducing damage - stripping asphalt from aggregate
  • Skid resistant - by texturing surface
  • Workable - ease of mixing, placing, compacting
  • Economical What is the process for asphalt concrete mix design? - ANSWERS1. Selection of design aggregate structure
    • preliminary
    • gradation
    • consensus properties
    • volumetric analysis of mixes
  1. Selection of design asphalt content
    • volumetric analysis of design aggregate structure at foure binder contents
  2. Evaluation of moisture sensitivity of mix What are the steps in Specimen Compaction? - ANSWERS1. Grade & weight aggregates & determine target asphalt content
  3. Heat & mix agg. and asphalt binder
  4. Short term aging
  5. Place material into mold & apply compactive force
  6. Allow to cool and extrude from mold
  7. Determine specific gravity & air voids
  8. Mechanical test What type of compactor is used for Superpave Mix Design? - ANSWERSGyratory compactor What type of compactor is used for Marshall Mix Design? - ANSWERSMarshall hammer What does a phase diagram consist of? - ANSWERS- Gas - air
  • Liquid - binder
  • Solid - aggregate What does specific gravity provide? - ANSWERSA bridge between mass and volume properties of the hot mix What the types of pavement failure? - ANSWERS- Rutting - accumulation of permanent deformation in the wheel path
  • Fatigue - cracking - from repeated bending
  • Thermal cracking - temperature gradient
  • Excessive surface roughness - aging
  • Aging & oxidation of the binder - stiffness
  • Stripping - loss bond between binder and aggregate from moisture