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Conversational Structure - Human Resource - Lecture Slides, Slides of Human Resource Management

Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar UniversityHuman Resource Management

These are the fundamental aspects of following Lecture Slides : Conversational Structure, Smallest Unit, Utterance, Turn Taking, Adjacency Pairs, Simplest Structure, Context, Conversation, Highly Ambiguous,

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 07/25/2013

deveshwar
deveshwar 🇮🇳

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Basic conversational structure
Alison: Do you fancy that film
Brian: the uh (500 ms) with the black cat
‘The Green whatsit’
Alison: yeah, go at uh …
(looks at watch – 1.2 s) … 20 to?
Brian: sure
Smallest unit is the utterance
Turn taking ⇒ utterances usually alternate …
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Basic conversational structure

Alison: Do you fancy that film Brian: the uh ( 500 ms ) with the black cat ‘The Green whatsit’ Alison: yeah, go at uh … ( looks at watch – 1.2 s ) … 20 to? Brian: sure

Smallest unit is the utterance

Turn taking ⇒ utterances usually alternate …

Adjacency pairs

Simplest structure – adjacency pair

Adjacency pairs may nest:

Brian: Do you want some gateau? Alison: is it very fattening? Brian: yes, very Alison: and lots of chocolate? Brian: masses Alison: I'll have a big slice then.

Structure is: B-x, A-y, B-y, A-z, B-z, A-x

  • inner pairs often for clarification

… but, try analysing the first transcript in detail!

Referring to things – deixis

Often contextual utterances involve indexicals:

that , this , he , she , it

these may be used for internal or external context

Also descriptive phrases may be used:

  • external: ‘ the corner post is leaning a bit’
  • internal: ‘ the post you mentioned’

In face-to-face conversation can point

Common Ground

Resolving context depends on meaning

⇒ participants must share meaning

so must have shared knowledge

Conversation constantly negotiates meaning

… a process called grounding :

Alison: So, you turn right beside the river. Brian: past the pub. Alison: yeah …

Each utterance is assumed to be:

relevant – furthers the current topic helpful – comprehensible to listener

Breakdown

Breakdown happens at all levels: topic, indexicals, gesture

Breakdowns are frequent, but

  • redundancy makes detection easy

(Brian cannot interpret ‘ they're … summer’ )

  • people very good at repair

(Brain and Alison quickly restore shared focus)

Electronic media may lose some redundancy

⇒ breakdown more severe

Speech act theory

A specific form of conversational analysis

Utterances characterised by what they do …

… they are acts

e.g. ‘ I'm hungry’

  • propositional meaning – hunger
  • intended effect – ‘ get me some food’

Basic conversational act the illocutionary point:

  • promises, requests, declarations, …

Speech acts need not be spoken

e.g. silence often interpreted as acceptance …

Conversations for action (CfA)

Circles represent ‘states’ in the conversation

Arcs represent utterances (speech acts)