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What is Behavior?

 Behavior is what people do and say.

 Is the color of someone’s eyes behavior?

 Is blinking behavior?

 Are the clothes someone is wearing behavior?

 Is dressing behavior?

Behavior

 If you say that a person is angry, you have not

identified the person’s behavior; you have simply

labeled the behavior.

 If you identify what the person says or does

when angry , then you have identified behavior.

 For example, “Jennifer screamed at her mother,

ran upstairs, and slammed the door to her room.”

This is a description of behavior that might be

labeled as anger

Behavior

 Similarly, getting an A and losing weight are

products of behavior.

 The behavior that produces an A is studying

effectively.

 The behaviors that lead to weight loss are eating

right and exercising.

1. Behavior is what

people do and say



Walking, talking,

throwing a ball,

yelling at

someone, cooking,

running, giving a

presentation,

sleeping, eating,

driving, crying, etc

all are behaviors.

2. Behaviors have one or more dimensions that can be measured.  (^) You can measure the frequency of a behavior; that is, you can count the number of times a behavior occurs (e.g., Shane bit his fingernails 12 times in the class period).  (^) You can measure the duration of a behavior, or the time from when an instance of the behavior starts until it stops (e.g., Rita jogged for 25 minutes).  (^) You can measure the intensity of a behavior, or the physical force involved in the behavior (e.g., Garth bench-pressed 220 pounds).  (^) Frequency, duration, and intensity are all physical dimensions of a behavior.

4. Behaviors have an impact

on the environment,

including the physical or

the social environment

(other people and

ourselves).

3. Behaviors can be observed, described, and recorded by others or by the person engaging in the behavior.  (^) Because a behavior is an action, its occurrence can be observed.  (^) People can see the behavior (or detect it through one of the senses) when it occurs.  (^) Because it is observable, the person who sees the behavior can describe it and record its occurrence.

6. Behaviors may be overt or covert.

 Most often, behavior modification procedures are

used to understand and change overt behaviors.

 An overt behavior is an action that can be

observed and recorded by a person other than the

one engaging in the behavior.

 Some behaviors are covert. Covert behaviors,

also called private events , are not observable to

others. For example, thinking is a covert behavior;

it cannot be observed and recorded by another

person. Thinking can be observed only by the

person engaging in the behavior.

 The field of behavior modification focuses

primarily on overt or observable behaviors

How would you classify these,

behavior or label?

 (^) Smoking  (^) Attitude  (^) Naughty  (^) Punching a mirror  (^) Being helpful  (^) Withdrawn  (^) Screaming  (^) Yawning  (^) Kicking  (^) Non compliance

Beyond Behavior Modification: A Cognitive-Behavioral

Approach to Behavior Management in the School by

Joseph S. Kaplan and Jane Carter.

What is Behavior

Modification?

 (^) Behavior modification is the field of psychology concerned with analyzing and modifying human behavior. OR  (^) The techniques that are used to overcome behavior problems and establish more desirable behaviors are collectively called behavior modification or applied behavior analysis.

Applied Behavior Analysis

“Applied behavior analysis is the science in which

procedures derived from the principles of behavior are systematically applied to improve socially significant behavior to a meaningful degree and to demonstrate experimentally that the procedures employed were responsible for the improvement in behavior ”. (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 1987 )

Characteristics of Behavior Modification

 (^) Focus on behavior  (^) Based on behavioral principles  (^) Emphasis on current environmental events  (^) Precise description of procedures  (^) Implemented by people in everyday life  (^) Measurement of behavior change  (^) De-emphasis on past events as causes of behavior  (^) Rejection of hypothetical underlying causes of behavior

Positive Reinforcement (R+) Follows behavior with presentation of pleasing CSE (e.g. praise) Strengthens behavior Negative Reinforcement (R-) Follows behavior with removal of aversive CSE Strengthens behavior Punishment Follows behavior with presentation of aversive CSE Weakens behavior Extinction Follows behavior with removal of known reinforcer (e.g. attention) Weakens behavior

Principle Implementation Result