Download CPPS 325 Pre-Midterm 1 with correct ANSWERS and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
CPPS |\ 325 |\Pre-Midterm |\ 1 |\with |\correct |\
ANSWERS
Charles-Edouard |\Brown-Sequard |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Injected |\himself |\with |\ground-up |\animal |\testicles |\led |\to |
development |\of |\modern |\hormone |\therapy. |\Largely |\placebo Basic |\Principle |\of |\a |\Cell |\Signalling |\Pathway |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Stimuli |-> |\Receptors |-> |\Transducers |-> |\Amplifiers |-> |
Messengers |-> |\Sensors |\and |\Effectors |-> |\Cellular |\Responses |
(Fertilization, |\Proliferation, |\Differentiation, |\Secretion, |\Contraction, |
Metabolism, |\Membrane |\Excitability, |\Learning |\and |\Memory). Ligand |\Receptor |\Interaction |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\single |
ligand |\will |\bind |\to |\receptor |\and, |\until |\it |\detaches |\from |\receptor |
will |\keep |\the |\signal |\going |\to |\induce |\an |\amplified |\effect. |\There |\is |\a |\huge |\amount |\of |\specificity |\in |\ligand |\receptor |\binding. Ligands |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Hormones, |\GF, |\gases, |\All |\first |
messengers. |\Must |\be |\specific |\and |\saturable |\to |\a |\receptor. Receptors/Transducers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Ligand |\binding |
domain, |\enzymatic |\activity |\in |\intracellular |\domain/protein |\kinase |
activity. |\Can |\be |\transmembrane. |\Sensitivity |\of |\a |\cell |\is |
determined |\by |\the |\number |\and |\type |\of |\cell |\surface |\receptor.
Intracellular |\Mediators |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Adaptor |\proteins, |\docking |\proteins, |\GTP |\binding |\proteins Effector/Target |\Protein |\or |\Enzyme |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Protein |\or |\lipid |\kinases, |\phosphodiesterases, |\metabolic |
enzymes, |\All |\second |\messengers. Cell |\Communication |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Cellular |\signals |
propagate |\through |\both |\electrical |\and |\chemical |\signals. |\Gap |
junctions |\allow |\electrical |\communication, |\which |\is |\faster |\than |
chemical. |\Chemical |\require |\a Gap |\Junctions |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Only |\allow |\small |
molecules |\through. |\Go |\from |\high |[ |] |\to |\low |[ |]. |\In |\some |\cases, |
small |\charged |\particles. |\There |\is |\low |\resistance. |\Electrical |\cell |
communication. Chemical |\Communication |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Slower |\than |
electrical |\because |\plasma |\membrane |\is |\impermeable |\to |\ions |\and |
polar |\molecules |\so |\the |\diffusion |\of |\the |\stimuli |\takes |\much |\longer |
than |\depolarization. |\The |\stimulus |(Hormone, |\NT, |\or |\GF) |\binds |\a |
receptor |\on |\the |\outside |\and |\directs |\activities |\of |\a |\cell. Juxtacrine |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\ligand |\is |\bound |\to |\the |
surface |\of |\one |\cell |\and |\the |\receptor |\is |\bound |\to |\the |\surface |\of |
another |\and |\the |\interaction |\initiates |\a |\cell |\response. |\It |\is |\cell-cell |
interaction.
Receptor |\Domains |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Can |\have |\multiple |
functional |\domains |\and |\this |\gives |\specificity. |\There |\are |\also |
structural |\domains. |\Domains |\are |\responsible |\for |\thigs |\like |
transcriptional |\activation, |\nuclear |\localization, |\dimerization, |\DNA- binding, |\Co-Activator |\binding, |\Co-Repressor |\binding. Agonists |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Bind |\a |\receptor |\and |\elicit |\a |
similar |\response |\as |\the |\intended |\ligand |\that |\is |\supposed |\to |\bind |
to |\the |\receptor. |\Propagates |\a |\signal. Antagonists |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Binds |\to |\a |\receptor |\on |
either |\the |\same |\site |\as |\the |\intended |\ligand |\or |\a |\different |\site |\and |\this |\stops |\the |\signal/response |\from |\occurring |\at |\all. Very |\Fast |\Messages |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔milliseconds. |\Nerve |
conduction, |\vision. |\Ion |\channels |\are |\used. Fast |\Messages |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔seconds. |\Vision, |
metabolism, |\CV. |\G |\protein-coupled |\receptors. Slow |\Messages |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Minutes |\to |\hours. |\Cell |
division, |\proliferation, |\developmental |\processes. |\GF |\receptors |
and |\steroid |\hormones. Signal |\Transmission |(One |\Molecule |\to |\the |\Next) |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔Activity |\of |\proteins |\can |\be |\acutely |\modulated |\by |
altering |\their |\conformation |\or |\proximity. |\There |\are |\three |\basic |
modes: |(they |\may |\occur |\alone |\or |\may |\be |\combined) Allosteric
Covalent |\Modification |
Proximity Allosteric |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Shape |\change, |\often |\induced |
by |\binding |\a |\protein |\or |\small |\molecule. |\Switching |\can |\be |\very |
rapid. |\Ligand |\binds |\or |\protein-protein |\interaction |\changes |\shape |
and |\then |\sometimes |\that |\allows |\for |\another |\protein |\to |\bind |\only |
when |\the |\shape |\changes. Covalent |\Modification |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Like |
phosphorylation |\will |\cause |\a |\change |\in |\shape |\then |\allow |\for |
binding. |\Modification |\itself |\changes |\molecule's |\shape. |\Like |
phosphorylation, |\acetylation., |\methylation. Proximity |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Regulated |\Recruitment: |
Regulated |\molecule |\may |\already |\be |\in |"signalling |\mode". |\Induced |\proximity |\to |\a |\target |\promotes |\transmission |\of |\the |\signal. |
Bringing |\proteins |\close |\together |\that |\allows |\for |\interaction |\with |
each |\other |\or |\another |\molecule |\that |\leads |\to |\signal |\formation. Thyroid |\Hormone |\Receptor |\Gene |\Regulation |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔Example |\of |\allostery, |\covalent |\modification |\and |
proximity. |
TH |\receptor |\binds |\DNA |\in |\presence |\and |\absence |\of |\TH. |\TH |
binding |\changes |\receptor |\for |\a |\repressor |\to |\activator |\of |\target |
gene |\transcription. |
HDAC |\is |\a |\corepressor |\that |\is |\inactivating |\TH |\receptor |\but |\when |
TH |\is |\added |\then |\HAT |\comes |\on |\ad |\coactivates. |\HAT |\adds |\acetyl |
groups |\so |\that |\the |\gene |\is |\available. |\
Second |\Messengers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Carry |\signals |\from |
many |\receptors. |
Four |\common |\intracellular |\Second |\Messengers: |
cAMP |- |\activates |\protein |\kinase |\A cGMP |- |\activates |\protein |\kinase |\G |\and |\opens |\cation |\channels |\in |
rod |\cells. |\Signaled |\by |\NO |\to |\help |\blood |\vessels |\to |\relax. 1,2-Diacylglycerol |(DAG) |- |\activates |\protein |\kinase |\C Inositol |\1,4,5-trisphosphate |(IP3) |- |\opens |\Ca2+ |\channels |\in |\the |
ER Others: |\Ca2+, |\Membrane-bound |\Inositol |\phospholipids. |
Ligand |\considered |\the |\first |\messenger. |\Activates |\the |\pathways |
that |\lead |\to |\second |\messengers. GTP |\Binding |\Proteins |\Pathway |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Signal |
transduction |\through |\G |\proteins |\binary |\switching. |
G |\protein |\is |\inactive |\when |\bound |\to |\GDP. |\GDP |\is |\exchanged |\for |
GTP, |\the |\G |\protein |\is |\activated |\and |\can |\stimulate |\a |\number |\of |
different |\signalling |\responses. |\The |\rapid |\switching |\to |\the |\active |
state |\is |\facilitated |\y |\the |\guanine |\nucleotide |\exchange |\factors |
(GEFs) |\that |\receive |\the |\information |\coming |\in |\from |\the |\receptors |
on |\the |\cell |\surface. |\By |\contrast, |\the |\GTPase-activating |\proteins |
(GAPs) |\accelerate |\the |\OFF |\reaction |\by |\enhancing |\the |\hydrolysis |
of |\GTP |\to |\GDP.. |
GEFs |\not |\phosphorylating |\but |\exchanging |\GDP |\for |\GTP. |
Alpha |\subunit |\of |\the |\trimeric |\G |\protein |\that |\has |\the |\GTPase |
activity |\that |\hydrolyzes |\it |\back |\to |\GDP. |\Then |\it |\stops |\doing |\what |
it |\is |\doing |\at |\that |\point. |\
G |\protein |\GTP |\signalling |\response: |\
- |\cAMP |\signalling
- |\InsP3/DAG |\signalling
- |\MAP |\kinase |\signalling |
PtdIns |\3-kinase |\signalling |
Ion |\Channel |\Modulation GTPase |\Accelerating |\Protein |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Accelerates |\rate |\of |\GTP |\hydrolysis. |\GAP. |\hydrolysis |\of |\the |\gamma |\phosphate |
causes |\the |'gates' |\on |\the |\GTP |\to |\relax |\to |\the |\inactive |\OFF |
confirmation |\to |\GDP. |\The |\GTP |\binding |\and |\hydrolysis |\takes |\place |
in |\the |\highly |\conserved |\G |\domain |\common |\to |\all |\GTPases. Guanine |\Nucleotide |\Exchange |\Factor |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Mediates |\GTP-GDP |\exchange. |\GEF Regulation |\of |\Cell |\Signalling |\Responses |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Protein |\kinases |\and |\Phosphates. |\Interactions |\with |\regulatory |
subunits |\and |\substrates |\underlies |\cell |\regulation. Protein |\Kinases |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔About |\ 550 |\different. |
(2% |\of |\genome |\but |\phosphorylate |\over |\30% |\of |\cellular |\proteins |
which |\is |\about |\17000). SERINE |\THREONINE |\KINASE |\are |\majority, |\about |\428. |\Transfer |
gamma |\phosphate |\to |\hydroxyl |\group |\on |\serine |\or |\threonine |
residues |\or |\both. |\
Cholesterol |\Depletion |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Methyl-Beta- cyclodextrin |\results |\in |\the |\dispersion |\and |\destruction |\of |\lipid |\raft |
components |\that |\induce |\apoptosis |\in |\the |\cell |\because |\the |
survival |\signalling |\pathway |\components |\were |\destroyed |\or |
dispersed. |\Cells |\die. Cholesterol |\Depletion |\and |\Cancer |\Treatment |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔If |\you |\target |\the |\cholesterol |\in |\cancer |\cells |\it |\leads |
to |\apoptosis |\because |\the |\cholesterol |\keeping |\the |\lipid |\rafts |
together |\causing |\the |\suppression |\of |\apoptosis |\is |\damaged |\or |
dispersed |\so |\injections |\of |\Methyl-Bea-Cyclodextrin |\kills |\cancer |
cells. |\It |\inhibited |\tumour |\growth |\because |\the |\survival |\pathway |
was |\inhibited. Lipid |\Raft |\Survival |\Pathway |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔When |\lipid |
rafts |\exist: PI3K |\can |\be |\activated PI3K |\phosphorylates |\PIP2 |\to |\PIP This |\activates |\Akt |\through |\the |\recruitment |\of |\Akt |\and |\PDK1 |(3- phospho-inositide-dependent |\protein |\kinase-1) |\to |\lipid |\rafts |
containing |\PI(3,4,5)P3. |
This |\activated-Akt |\by |\PI3K |\suppresses |\induction |\of |\apoptosis. |
Activated |\Akt |\suppresses |\apoptotic |\response!!!!!!! PDZ |\Domains |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\second |\mechanism |
by |\which |\dispersion |\of |\receptors |\can |\be |\influenced. |
RECEPTOR |\CLUSTERING |\MECHANISM
Adaptor |\PDZ |\domains |\mediate |\the |\assembly |\of |\membrane |
proteins |\by |\linking |\receptor |\to |\cytoskeleton. |\This |\helps |\cluster |
receptors |\to |\a |\distinct |\region |\of |\cell. |\Tether |\to |\regions |\for |\the |
interactions. |
Proteins |\that |\contain |\the |\PDZ |\domains |\play |\a |\fundamental |\role |\in |\organizing |\the |\cell |\membrane |\of |\the |\post-synaptic |\cell.
- |\Localize |\proteins |\to |\specific |\regions |\of |\the |\cell. |\Permits |
clustering |\of |\different |\membrane |\proteins |\into |\large |\complexes. |\ - |\Mediate |\signalling |\by |\recruiting |\and |\stabilizing |\keep |\synaptic |
components. PDZ |\Domain |\Components |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Works |\at |\the |
membrane |\of |\the |\post |\synaptic |\cell. |
Common |\element |\in |\several |\cytosolic |\proteins |\that |\bind |\to |
integral |\membrane |\proteins |\via |\ 3 |\residue |\sequences |\at |\the |\c- terminal |\of |\target |\proteins. |
Also |\interacts |\with |\SH3 |\domains |\on |\other |\target |\proteins. SH3 |\Domains |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Recognize |\and |\bind |\to |
proline |\rich |\regions. |\They |\also |\interact |\with |\PDZ |\domains. G |\Protein-Coupled |\Receptors |\GPCRs |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Most |\abundant |\form |\of |\signalling. |\Estimated |\4% |\of |\protein- coding |\genes |\in |\human |\genome. |
Trimeric |\signal-transducing |\G |\protein |\that |\are |\coupled |\to |\many |
different |\cell |\surface |\receptors. |
Involved |\in |\a |\range |\of |\signalling |\pathways, |\including |\detection |\of |
light, |\odors, |\and |\certain |\hormones |\or |\NT.
Glucagon |\GPCR |\Mutation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Disease |- |
Diabetes, |\Hypertension GPCR |\Structure |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Comprised |\of |:
- |\an |\EC |\N-terminus, |\followed |\by |\
- |\ 7 |\transmembrane |\alpha |\helices |(TM-1 |\to |\TM-7), |\TM |\connected |
by |- |\ 3 |\IC |\Loops |(IL-1 |\to |\IL-3) |\and - |\ 3 |\EC |\Loops |(EL-1 |\to |\EL-3) |(Ligand |\binding |\domain |\often |\includes |\EL-2)
- |\IC |\C-terminus Tertiary |\Structure: |\barrel-like, |\with |\the |\7TM |\helices |\forming |\a |
cavity |\within |\PM. |
Other |\Proteins |\Domains: |
G-alpha |\alpha |\subunit |
G-beta/gamma |= |\heterodimer |
PKC PKA GRK |= |\G-protein |\Coupled |\Receptor |\Kinase Palmitoylation |\of |\GPCR |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Structural |
Theme: |\palmitoylation |(Covalent |\modification |\of |\cysteine |
residues |\via |\addition |\of |\hydrophobic |\acyl |\groups) |\of |\one |\or |\more |\
sites |\of |\the |\C-terminal |\tail |\or |\IC |\loops. |-> |\This |\targets |\the |
receptor |\to |\cholesterol-sphingolipid |\rich |\microdomains |\that |\form |
lipid |\rafts |(inserts |\in |\inner |\leaflet |\of |\PM). GPCR |\Ligand |\Binding |\Structure |\Conformation |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔Ligand/Agonist |\binding |\induces |\a |\shift |\in |\the |
relative |\orientations |\of |\the |\TM |\helices, |\like |\a |\twisting |\motion. |\The |\IC |\surface |\widens |\revealing |\IC |\residues |\of |\the |\helices |\and |\TM |
domains |\critical |\to |\signal |\transduction |\function |(G-protein |
Coupling). GPCR |\couples |\to |\a |\heterotrimeric |\G-protein |\when |\ligand/agonist |
binds |\to |\GPCR. GPCR |\N- |\and |\C- |\Terminal |\Tails |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Beyond |
Ligand |\binding, |\the |\C-terminus |\often |\contains |\serine |\or |\threonine |\residues |\that |\are |\phosphorylated |\to |\increase |\the |\affinity |\of |\IC |
surface |\for |\the |\binding |\of |\scaffold |\proteins |\called |\Beta-arrestins. Beta-arrestins |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Involved |\in |\turning |\off |
GPCR |\signalling Heterotrimeric |\G |\Proteins |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Heterotrimeric |\G |\proteins |\are |\assembled |\from |\subunits |\taken |\from |\the |\G |\protein |\alpha, |\beta |\and |\gamma |\families. |\All |\trimeric |\G |\proteins |\contain |
the |\three |\subunits. |\
- |\Different |\combinations |\of |\subunits |\of |\G |\protein |\is |\reason |\for |
specificity. |\
Alpha |\Subunit |\of |\G |\Protein |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Alpha |
subunit |\is |\bound |\to |\GDP |\prior |\to |\activation.
- |\Binding |\of |\trimeric |\G |\protein |\to |\activated |\receptor |\leads |\to |
exchange |\of |\GDP |\for |\GTP |\in |\the |\alpha |\subunit |\and |\the |
dissociation |\of |\Ga-GTP |\from |\Gby. |
Ga-GTP |\and |\Gby |\can |\specifically |\interact |\with |\effector |\proteins |
leading |\to |\changes |\in |\their |\activity. |
Alpha |\subunit |\has |\intrinsic |\GTPase |\activity |\that |\inactivates |\Ga- GTP |\by |\catalyzing |\GTP |\hydrolysis. |\Resulting |\in |\Ga-GDP, |\which |
dissociates/exchanges |\Ga-GDP |\from |\its |\effector |\ad |\re-associates |
with |\Gby. G |\Protein |: |\Stimulatory |\vs |\Inhibitory |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Inhibitory |\has |\its |\own |\separate |\binding |\site, |\it |\isn't |\that |\it |
blocks |\stimulatory, |\which |\has |\its |\own |\site. |\It |\is |\not |\a |\competition, |\it |\is |\a |\matter |\of |\which |\site |\is |\being |\activated/affiliated |\more. |
So |\Gas |\and |\Gai, |\the |\cAMP |\pathway, |\interact |\with |\different |
regions |\of |\Adenylyl |\Cyclase. Guanine |\Nucleotide |\Exchange |\Factor |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Exchange |\GDP |\for |\GTP, |\but |\not |\the |\other |\way |\around. |
The |\ligand |\bound |\receptor |\serves |\as |\a |\GEF |\to |\exchange |\GDP |\with |\GTP. Ligand-Induced |\Activation |\of |\Effector |\Proteins |\Associated |\with |
GPCR |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1) |\Inactive |\receptor, |\Trimeric |\G |
protein |\with |\GDP |\bound |\to |\Ga, |\Inactive |\effector
- |\Binding |\of |\hormone |\induces |\a |\conformational |\change |\in |
receptor - |\Activated |\receptor |\binds |\to |\Ga |\
- |\Binding |\induces |\conformational |\change |\in |\Ga, |\bound |\GDP |\is |
exchanged |\with |\GTP |\and |\the |\Ga |\dissociates |\from |\Gby. - |\Hormone |\dissociates |\from |\receptor |\and |\Gby |\stays |\attached |\to |
receptor |\which |\Ga |\bind |\to |\the |\effector |\to |\activate |\it. |\ - |\Hydrolysis |\of |\GTP |\to |\GDP |\causes |\Ga |\to |\dissociate |\from |\the |
effector |\and |\re-associate |\with |\Gby. Adenylyl |\Cyclase |\Structure |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Single |
polypeptide |\tandem |\repeat |\of |\ 6 |\TM |\domains |\with |\TM1-TM6 |\in |\one |\repeat |\and |\TM7-TM12 |\in |\the |\other. |\Each |\TM |\cassette |\is |\followed |
by |\large |\cytoplasmic |\domains |(C1 |\nd |\C2) |\which |\contain |\the |
catalytic |\regions |\that |\convert |\ATP |\to |\cAMP. |\Catalytic |\domains |\on |
intracellular |\side |\ATP |\binds |\here. |
Mg |\is |\an |\important |\cofactor. Produced |\by |\integral |\PM |\enzymes. GPCR |\Response |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\ligand |\can |\bind |
multiple |\GPCRs |\and |\there |\will |\be |\different |\responses |\depending |
on |\the |\receptor. |
Ex) |\Epinephrine |\binds |\to |\ 2 |\adrenergic |\receptors |\and |\activates |
them |\to |\generate |\different |\response. |\Either |\Beta-adrenergic |\and |
Alpha-adrenergic. Beta-Adrenergic |\Receptor |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Linked |\to |\Gs |- |\increases |\cAMP |\
Basis |\of |\Fluorescence |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Tags |\are |\used |\to |
look |\at/provide |\proof |\of |\molecular |\interactions |\in |\cell |\signalling. |
Fluorophores |\absorb |\light |\energy |\of |\a |\specific |\wavelength |\and |
the |\light |\absorption |\results |\in |\excitation |\of |\the |\fluorophore's |\e-. |
The |\fluorophore |\re-emits |\the |\absorbed |\light |\energy |\at |\a |\longer |
wavelength |\upon |\e- |\return |\to |\their |\basic |\state. Fluorescence |\Resonance |\Energy |\Transfer |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Excite |\at |\one |\wavelength |\and |\emit |\at |\another. |
If |\you |\hit |\at |\a |\wavelength |\you |\see |\blue |\at, |\then |\you |\see |\blue. |
If |\the |\blue |\is |\close |\enough |\to |\the |\yellow |\wavelength |\then |\you |\use |\the |\wavelength |\to |\excite |\the |\blue |\but |\then |\it |\donates |\its |\energy |
to |\the |\yellow |\and |\end |\up |\emitting |\the |\yellow. Excite |\donor |\and |\nothing |\close |\so |\you |\see |\donor. Or |\you |\excite |\donor |\with |\something |\close |\and |\you |\see |\acceptor. |
But |\have |\to |\be |\very |\close |\together. The |\condition |\that |\must |\be |\met |\for |\efficient |\energy |\transfer |\from |
one |\fluorescently |\tagged |\protein |\to |\another |\is |\the |\distance |
between |\must |\be |</=10nm. |
Efficiency |\of |\transfer |\is |\extremely |\sensitive |\to |\the |\separation |
distance |\between |\fluorophores. FRET |\in |\Cell |\Signalling |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Use |\this |
technology |\to |\how |\receptor-mediated |\activation |\of |\GPCR |\occurs |
in |\seconds. |
Gby |\has |\a |\YFP |\and |\Ga |\has |\a |\BFP. |\The |\excitation |\of |\the |\BFP |
transfers |\the |\energy |\to |\the |\YFP |\and |\the |\protein |\appears |\yellow. |
Use |\this |\model |\to |\see |\how |\quickly |\the |\subunits |\dissociate, |\when |
the |\yellow |\light |\is |\gone |\to |\see |\how |\quickly |\the |\signalling |
mechanism |\occurs. |\See |\blue |\then. |\Seeing |\yellow |\means |\that |\Ga |\
and |\Gby |\are |\still |\close |\enough |\together |\and |\hasn't |\dissociated |\to |
activate |\the |\effector |\yet. Propranolol |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Non-selective |\Beta- adrenergic |\receptor |\antagonist. |
Treats |\tremors, |\angina, |\hypertension, |\heart |\arrhythmias. |
Therapeutic |\applications. |\Used |\for |\PTSD. |\It |\does |\not |\treat |\the |
symptoms |\but |\it |\does |\calm |\your |\body |\down. Beta-Blockers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Block |\the |\Beta-Adrenergic |\pathway |\system: |
The |\drugs |\have |\similar |\structures |\to |\adrenaline |\and |
norepinephrine, |\so |\they |\can |\slot |\inside |\the |\same |\place |\on |\the |
receptors. |\But |\the |\beta |\blockers |\don't |\fit |\snugly |\enough |\to |\cause |
that |\shift |\in |\the |\receptor |\that |\triggers |\the |\reaction. |\So |\they |\just |
sit |\there |\for |\a |\few |\hours |\or |\so |\before |\gradually |\dissipating |\away |
— |\and |\in |\the |\meantime, |\signals |\from |\adrenaline |\and |
norepinephrine |\won't |\get |\transmitted |\as |\effectively. PTSD |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Anxiety |\disorder |\that |\develops |
after |\an |\exposure |\to |\a |\terrifying |\event. |\Linked |\to |\adrenaline/epinephrine |\release |\which |\affects |\to |\amygdala |\and |
creates |\an |\emotional |\connection |\to |\the |\terrifying |\memory. |
Reliving |\memory |\riggers |\release |\of |\adrenaline, |\reinforcing |\the |
memory |\further. Propranolol |\in |\PTSD |\Treatment |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Propranolol |\blocks |\B2 |\adrenergic |\receptors |\in |\the |\amygdala |\
