Download Creation - E-Commerce - Lecture Slides and more Slides Fundamentals of E-Commerce in PDF only on Docsity!
From Simple, But Significant Ideas Bigger Ones Grow
1940s to 1969
We can accessinformation using
We do it reliably with “bits”,sending and receiving dataelectronic computers
We can accomplish a lot by having avast network of computers to use foraccessing information and exchanging ideas We can do it cheaply by usingDigital circuits etched in silicon.
We will prove that packet switching
works over a WAN.
Packet switching can be used tosend digitized data though
Hypertext can be used to allowcomputer networks
rapid access to text data
From Simple, But Significant Ideas Bigger Ones Grow
1970s to 1995
Ideas from1940s to 1969
We need a protocol for Efficientand Reliable transmission ofPackets over a WAN: TCP/IP
The ARPANET needs to convert toa standard protocol and be renamed to
The Internet
Computers connected via the Internet can be usedmore easily if hypertext links are enabled using HTML
and URLs: it’s called World Wide Web
The World Wide Web is easier to use if we have a browser that
To browser web pages, running in a graphical user interface context.
Great efficiencies can be accomplished if we use
The Internet and the World Wide Web to conduct business.
Tribute to the
Internet Pioneers
•^
The Internet we know and love today, would notexist without the hard work of a lot of brightpeople.
•^
The technologies and standards they created maketoday’s Internet and World Wide Web possible.
•^
They deserve recognition and our gratitude forchanging the world with the Internet.
•^
In this presentation, we will identify and pay tributeto several of the people who made the Internet andthe World Wide Web possible
Internet Pioneers in this
Presentation
Vannevar Bush
Claude Shannon
J. C. R. Licklider
Paul Baran
Ted Nelson
Leonard Kleinrock
Lawrence Roberts
Steve Crocker
Jon Postel
Vinton Cerf
Robert Kahn
Christian Huitema
Brian Carpenter
Tim Berners-Lee
Mark Andreesen
Claude Shannon^ •^
The Father of Modern Information Theory
-^
Published a”A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in 1948: BeforeShannon, it was commonly believed that the only way of achievingarbitrarily small probability of error in a communication channel was toreduce the transmission rate to zero. All this changed in 1948 with thepublication of A Mathematical Theory of Communication, where Shannoncharacterized a channel by a single parameter; the channel capacity, andshowed that it was possible to transmit information at any rate belowcapacity with an arbitrarily small probability of error. His method of proofwas to show the existence of a single good code by averaging over allpossible codes. His paper established fundamental limits on the efficiencyof communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge offinding families of codes that achieve capacity. The method of randomcoding does not produce an explicit example of a good code, and in fact ithas taken fifty years for coding theorists to discover codes that come closeto these fundamental limits on telephone line channels.
-^
Created the idea that all information could be represented using 1s and 0s.Called these fundamental units BITS.
-^
Created the concept data transmission in BITS per second.
-^
Won a Nobel prize for his master’s thesis in 1936, titled, “A SymbolicAnalysis of Relay and Switching Circuits”, it provided mathematicaltechniques for building a network of switches and relays to realize aspecific logical function, such as a combination lock.
J. C. R. Licklider^ •^
Summary
: Joseph Carl Robnett "Lick" Licklider developed the idea of a universal network,
spread his vision throughout the
IPTO
, and inspired his successors to realize his dream by
creation of the
ARPANET
. He also developed the concepts that led to the idea of the
Netizen
•^
Licklider also realized that interactive computers could provide more than a library function,and could provide great value as automated assistants. He captured his ideas in a seminalpaper in 1960 called Man-Computer Symbiosis, in which he described a computer assistantthat could answer questions, perform simulation modeling, graphically display results, andextrapolate solutions for new situations from past experience. Like
Norbert Wiener
, Licklider
foresaw a close symbiotic relationship between computer and human, includingsophisticated computerized interfaces with the brain.
-^
Quote:
-^
It seems reasonable to envision, for a time 10 or 15 years hence, a 'thinking center' that willincorporate the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances ininformation storage and retrieval.
-^
The picture readily enlarges itself into a network of such centers, connected to one anotherby wide-band communication lines and to individual users by leased-wire services. In such asystem, the speed of the computers would be balanced, and the cost of the giganticmemories and the sophisticated programs would be divided by the number of users.
-^
- J.C.R. Licklider, Man-Computer Symbiosis, 1960
Ted Nelson
•^
Ted Nelson is a somewhat controversial figure in the computing world. For thirty-something years he has been having grand ideas but has
never seen them through to
completed projects. His biggest project, Xanadu, was to be a world-wide electronicpublishing system that would have created a sort universal library for the people. He isknown for coining the term "hypertext." He is also seen as something of a radical figure,opposing authority and tradition. He has been called "one of the most influentialcontrarians in the history of the information age." (Edwards, 1997). He often repeats hisfour maxims by which he leads his life: "most people are fools, most authority ismalignant, God does not exist, and everything is wrong." (Wolf, 1995)
-^
Xanadu
-^
Nelson continued to expound his ideas, but he did not possess the
technical knowledge to
tell others how his ideas could be implemented, and so many people simply ignored him(and have ever since). Still, Nelson persisted. In 1967, he named his system
XANADU
, and
with the help of interested, mainly younger, computer hacks continued to develop it.
-^
Xanadu was concieved as a tool to preserve and increase humanity's literature and art.Xanadu would consist of a world-wide network that would allow information to be storednot as separate files but as connected literature. Documents would remain accessibleindefinitely. Users could create virtual copies of any document. Instead of havingcopyrighted materials, the owners of the documents would be automatically paid viaelectronic means a micropayment for the virtual copying of their documents.
-^
Xanadu has never been totally completed and is far from being implemented. In manyways Tim Berners-Lee's World Wide Web is a similar, though much less grand, system. In1999, the Xanadu code was made open source.
Xanadu Logo
