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CRIM101 – Forensic Foundations: The Science
Behind Solving Crime
Forensic Science - the applications to matters of science to law
- As well as... The business of providing timely, accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decisions makers in our criminal justice system. Criminalistics - the scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes This term is synomous with forensic science Criminology - includes the physcological angle, studying the crime scene for motive, traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence Divisions of Crime Lab - **Physical Science Unit
- physics **Geology **Biology Unit(DNA) **Firearms Unit(tool mark) **Document Examination Unit
**Photography Unit Edmond Locard - **French professor **Considered the father of: criminalistics( understood the importance of nature in crime scenes and other cases.) **Built the world's first forensic laboratory in France in 1910 Exchange Principle Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, traces of each are exchanged. Alphonse Bertillon - Father of: criminal identification Francis Galton - First to develop a method of: first to develop a method using fringerprints as a means of identification.4f Dr. Karl Landsteiner - An Austrian physician that identified the A, B, AB, and O blood groups in
Rudolf Virchow - A German pathologist who standardized a way to preform autopsies one of two ways still used today. ** His cell theory, ("Omnis cellula e cellula") said that cells arise only from other cells. scientific method - 1. Observe a problem
Physical - any object or material that is relevant in a crime Transient Evidence - temporary; easily changed or lost; usually observed by the first officer at the scene Pattern Evidence - produced by direct contact between a person and an object or between two objects; most are in the form of imprints, indentations, striations, markings fractures or deposits.
- skid marks Conditional Evidence - produced by a specific event or action; important in crime scene reconstruction and in determining the set of circumstances within a particular event **head light Transfer of Evidence - produced by contact between person(s) or object(s), or between person(s) and object(s) Associative Evidence- - items that may associated a victim or suspect with a scene or each other; ie, personal belongings class evidence - common group of objects or persons example: blood type Individual - can be identified with a particular person or source(can isolate to one and only source) example: blood DNA Means— - person has the ability to do the crime Motive - person has a reason to do the crime Opportunity - person had the ability to be at the crime Triangulation - uses two points at the crime scene to map each piece of evidence
Coordinate or grid- - divides the crime scene into squares for mapping. Baseline - set a north/south line and measures each piece of evidence from this line. Druggist Fold - is used with larger pieces of paper folded around larger items to hold trace evidence in place. These are then placed insider other containers such as paper bags, plastic bags, canisters, packets and envelopes depending on the type and size of the evidence. chain of custody - A written record of all people who have had possession of an item of evidence. Sir Edward Henry - He devised a workable classification system for fingerprints The Bertillon System - developed the first truly organized system of identifying individuals in
He believed that everyone could be distinguished from one another by key measurements of their body. These measurements became known as berillonage. Dactylosocopy - the study of fingerprints Arch fingerprint - They do NOT have type delta or cores Plain Whorl - This print has 2 delta's and therefore it is a __________ Double loop whorl - accidental whorl - comparison - Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity. IAFIS - The Automated Fingerprint Identification System--a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints visible fingerprints - Made by fingers touching a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material such as blood, paint, grease, or ink.
class characteristics - General and/or measurable features of a specimen which indicate a Restricted group source. They result from design factors, and are therefore determined prior to manufacture. Individual Characteristics - Marks or features produced by the random imperfections or irregularities of tool surfaces. These characteristics can be used to individually associate a tool to a toolmark.
- from abuse
- wear from use also inconclusive - If the quality and character of the toolmark are lacking, an examiner may not be able to make an identification or elimination.
