Criminal Procedure Exam Notes, Lecture notes of Criminal procedure

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Criminal Procedure

Exam Notes

MML

Table of Contents

Introduction and Criminal Jurisdictions of Courts ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

The Criminal Process Generally ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Sources of Law ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Major Themes relating to Criminal Procedure ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Right to a Fair Trial .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. The Rules of Evidence ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Concept of Evidence ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Admissibility of evidence ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Relevance ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Exclusionary Rules ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Judicial discretion to exclude prejudicial evidence ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Criminal Jurisdictions of Courts ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Original Criminal Jurisdiction................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Original Criminal Jurisdiction - Magistrates' Court ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Original Criminal Jurisdiction - Children's Court ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Original Criminal Jurisdiction - County Court........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Original Criminal Jurisdiction - Supreme Court ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Original Criminal Jurisdiction - High Court ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Appellate Criminal Jurisdiction ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Summary vs. Indictable Offences ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Sentencing ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Victorian Penalty Scale ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Committal Proceedings ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Commencement of Criminal Proceedings ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

The Power to Arrest ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Previsions providing the power to Arrest Without a Warrant .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Arrest with a Warrant ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Provisions providing procedure to arrest with a warrant ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Provisions providing power to issue an arrest warrant ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Elements of a Lawful Arrest .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Deprivation of Liberty ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Communication of Arrest ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Use of Force ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Entry into Premises ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Power to Enter ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Commencement Proceedings ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Statute of Limitations ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. How to commence Proceedings ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Search and Seizure ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Types of Searches .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Search of a Person ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Consent ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Pursuant to Arrest ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Searches Without a Warrant ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Search of a Person Without a Warrant ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Search of a Premises Without a Warrant ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Searches With a Warrant ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Search of a Person With a Warrant ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Identification Evidence ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Definitions ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Admissibility vs Directions ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Judicial Discretion to Exclude Identification Evidence ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Voluntariness ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Threat of force ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Public Policy Discretion ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fairness ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Unfair Prejudicial Effect Exceeds Probative Value .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Identification Evidence ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Police Photographing of Suspects ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. When is it okay not to have an identification parade? ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Visual Identification Evidence ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Basic Rule ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Picture Identification Evidence ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Opinion Evidence and Identification Evidence ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Warnings about Identification Evidence ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Trial of Indictable Offences ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Committal Proceedings ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Hand-up Brief ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Cross Examination ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Directions Hearing ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. When Does a Trial Formally Commence? ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Pleas by the accused ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Pleading guilty to an alternative offence ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Changing a Plea .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Double Jeopardy ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. DPP and the Court of Appeal................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Tainted Acquittal .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fresh and Compelling Evidence - Acquittal .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Administration of justice offence.......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Machinery of Prosecution .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Decision to Prosecute .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Place of Trial ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. The Power to Change the Place of a Trial ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Joint Trial ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Plea-Negotiation ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Sentence-Negotiation ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Sentence Indication Schemes ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Sentencing Discount for pleading guilty ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

The Jury System .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Background into the Jury ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Role of the Jury ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Functions of the Jury............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Those Disqualified from serving as Jurors ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Those Ineligible from serving as Jurors ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Those Excluded from serving as Jurors ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Jury Selection .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Pre-Trial Jury Selection ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. At Trial Jury Selection ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Challenges ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. For Cause Challenges ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Peremptory Challenges ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Crowns right to stand Jurors Aside ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Unanimous or Majority Verdict ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Number of Jurors .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Crimes Act 1958 - Section 464R Forensic procedure on adult (1) A police officer may request a suspect to undergo a forensic procedure only if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the procedure would tend to confirm or disprove the involvement of the suspect in the commission of an indictable offence and the suspect— (a) is suspected on reasonable grounds of having committed the indictable offence; or (b) has been charged with the indictable offence; or (c) has been summonsed to answer to a charge for the indictable offence. Things to think about in the context of fingerprinting and forensic procedures:

• What must be satisfied before making a request?
• What must be satisfied before the forensic procedure is authorised?
• Who may authorise it?
• What information has to be provided to the suspect?
• Does the provision of that information (or responses to questions asked) have to be recorded?
• Does it apply to suspects of any crime, or only certain crimes?
• Does anyone have to be present during the forensic procedure?
• Can reasonable force be used?
• Does the suspect have an opportunity to oppose the forensic procedure?
• How long can the sample be kept?
• What is the effect of non-compliance with the process? Definitions (as of section 464 of the Crimes Act): Forensic Procedure: Means the taking of a sample from any part of the body, whether an intimate or non-intimate sample or any other type of sample, or the conduct of any procedure on physical examination of the body but does not include the taking of a fingerprint Intimate Sample: a. A blood sample b. A sample of pubic hair including the root if required c. A swab, washing or sample taken from the external genital or anal region of a male or female or from the breast of a female d. A sample of saliva e. A scraping taken from the mouth f. A dental impression Non-Intimate Sample: a. A sample of hair, other than pubic hair, including the root if required b. A sample of matter taken from under a fingernail or toenail c. A swab, washing or sample taken from any external part of the body other than the genital or anal region of a male or female or the breast of a female The relevance between 'intimate' and 'non-intimate':
• The power of senior police officer to require non-intimate samples
• Requirement to film intimate procedure and to have an independent medical practitioner present

Fingerprints Generally, for suspects ≥15 years, police may take fingerprint if the suspect: a. Is believed on reasonable grounds to have committed OR b. been charged with OR c. summonsed to answer a charge for an indictable offence or a summary offence listed in Schedule 7 of the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) Schedule 7: Summary Offences for which a person may be fingerprinted:

1. Where the maximum penalty is or includes a period of imprisonment.
2. Offence under section 3(2) or 3(4) of the Court Security Act 1980.
3. Offence under section 6(2) of the Control of Weapons Act 1990.
4. Offence under section 36A of the Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act 1981.
5. Offence under section 97 of the Police Regulation Act 1958.
6. An offence under specified sections of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986. Forensic Procedure Informed consent Suspect s464R(2)(a) Volunteer s464ZGB Police authorisation Non-intimate procedure s464SA Court order Intimate procedure Forensic sample offence Person aged 10- 18 yrs

Police Authorisation

Crimes Act 1958 - Section 464SA Senior police officer may authorise non-intimate compulsory procedure for certain adults (2) A senior police officer who is not involved in investigating the offence for which the compulsory procedure is required may authorise the conduct of a non-intimate compulsory procedure on a person if the senior police officer is satisfied that— (a) the person is a relevant suspect who is— (i) under lawful arrest by warrant; or (ii) under lawful arrest under section 458 or 459 or a provision of any other Act; or (iii) in the custody of an investigating official in accordance with an order of the Magistrates' Court under section 464B(5) and, at the time of the application for that order, the person was held in a prison or police gaol; and (b) the person is not under the age of 18 years; and (c) the person is not incapable of giving informed consent by reason of mental impairment; and (d) the person has refused to give consent to a request under section 464R(1) ; and (e) there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed the offence in respect of which the authorisation is sought Before the procedure is continued, the police officer must inform the suspect of certain things:

• An authorisation has been given
• That reasonable force can be used Police authorisation Forensic Procedure Snr PO not involved in investigation ≥Snr^ Sgt: s464(2) NON- INTIMATE : s464(2) Relevant suspect: s464(2) Under arrest or in custody Refused consent Reasonable grounds to believe suspect committed offence In all the circumstancs justified