Criminology studies, Summaries of Criminology

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CRIMINOLOGY

COMPLETE NOTES

QUICK REVISION | SIMPLE LANGUAGE

36 TOPICS COVERED

Total Duration :- 60 Minutes

TOPICS

1. Criminology
2. Relationship between criminology, criminal policy and Criminal law
3. School of Criminology
4. Demonological Theory
5. Free will Theory
6. Italian School
7. Lombroso Theory
8. Enrico Ferris's Theory
9. Garofalo's Theory
10. Karl Marx Theory
11. William Bogner Theory
12. Mental Deficiency Theory
13. Economic Theory
14. Juvenile Delinquency
15. Intermediate Sentence
16. Recidivism
17. Organised Crime
18. Crime
19. Probation
    1. Parole
    2. Police
    3. Sex Crime
    4. Prostitution
    5. Prison
    6. Modern criminal Courts
    7. Juvenile Court Objects
    8. Punishment
    9. Deterrent Theory
    10. Preventive Theory
    11. Reformative Theory
    12. Retributive Theory
    13. Theory of compensation
    14. Remission System
    15. Individualization of treatment
    16. White Collar Crime
    17. Administration of justice

NATURE:

• Criminology is the scientific and the systematic study of crime and its treatment.
• It is the science of criminal behavior. SCOPE:

1. Causes of criminal behavior and methods to prevent it.
2. Reaction of the society towards the crime and criminals
3. Types of crime and criminals
4. Detection and investigation method
5. Personality of the offender eg. First time or repeater.
6. Crime rate
7. Origin and development of criminal law

1. Origin and development of criminals.
2. Various modes of correction, punishment & rehabilitation.
3. Criminal etiology eg. Understanding the methods, techniques.
4. Effects of present laws on crime
5. Understand the root cause. IMPORTANCE:
6. To know the actual amount spent in a year for controlling the crime.
7. To know the reason which makes a man criminal.
8. Essentials for professional, legislators and social workers
9. Necessary for police officers, magistrates, judges and law students.
10. To know the novel techniques of crime and punishment.

SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

It is a system of thought and explains crime in its own manner and suggests punishment and preventive measures to suits its ideology.

1. Pre classical School (Demonological Theory)
2. Classical School (Free will Theory)
3. Neo Classical School
4. Positive School (Italian school)
5. Sociological school
6. Geographical School
7. Clinical School
8. Mental Testers School (Mental Deficiency Theory)
9. Socialistic School (Economic Theory)

PRE CLASSICAL SCHOOL (DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY)

th century

• Religion was at the peak level
• No scientific explanation
• Evil power influence
• Lose the sense of morality Criticism Treatment - Torture

NEO CLASSICAL SCHOOL

• Upgraded version of classical school
• Focused to understand the facts, circumstances, mental state of the offender
• Categorized as first offender, habitual offender, minor, insane, idiot etc.
• Punishment should be as per the category of the offender Criticism:- This school focused on punishment

POSITIVE SCHOOL (ITALIAN SCHOOL)

th Century

• Main exponents- Lombroso, Garofalo and Enrico Ferris
• Rejected Free will theory of classical school
• LOMBROSO THEORY:- i. Person who commits crime is born criminal ii. Biological factors are very much responsible behind the crime iii. Criminals are less sensitive iv. Categorized criminals in three categories:- a. Born Criminals- Criminal behavior are genetic b. Insane criminals- Unsound mind c. Criminoids- Having inferiority complex on higher side

GAROFALO’S THEORY:-

• Rejected Ferris's and Lombroso’s theory
• Divided criminals into four categories:- a. Endemic- Those who does murder b. Violent- Aggressive in nature c. Criminals lacking in sentiment of probity d. Lustful criminals- who commits rape

SOCIOLOGICAL SCHOOL

th century

• External factors are responsible eg. Society
• Rejected Born criminal concept
• Criminal behavior is conditioned by the social environment
• Causes – Poverty, Bad Association, Broken Family Environment etc.

CLINICAL SCHOOL

• More focused to understand the criminal psychology
• Personality of an individual is a combination of internal and external factors
• Punishment should depend on the personality of the accused
• Focused on correctional methods. MENTAL TESTERS SCHOOL (MENTAL DEFICIENCY THEORY)
• Mentally retired person is criminal
• It came from heredity
• Cannot differentiate between right and wrong.

SOCIALISTIC SCHOOL (ECONOMIC THEORY)

Economy is the main reason of crime KARL MARX THEORY (Class Struggle Theory)

• Society divided in two parts rich and poor
• Richer are getting more rich and vice versa
• Due to poverty and unemployment people commits crime WILLIAM BONGER THEORY
• Selfishness is the main reason
• Greed is the reason
• Capitalism weakens social feelings.

ORGANIZED DELINQUENCY

• Committed in a organized manner SITUATIONAL DELINQUENCY
• As per situation Acts declared as juvenile delinquency:- Violation of law, Join with any unlawful person, Gambling Begging, Smoking, Vulgar language Ticket less travelling Theft

Reasons / causes of juvenile delinquency Adolescence instability , Unfavorable Home, Associational impact, Sex indulgence, Movies impact, Failure in the school life, Poverty, Irresistible impulse Remedies for prevention of Juvenile delinquency Free education, Correctional homes Healthy entertainment Look family background Seminar and conferences Experts suggestions