D and F Block Elements: A Brief Overview, Study notes of Chemistry

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D and F block elements

d-Block elements

Those elementr mn whith the fast e@

eviie im the d- Subsheli % penultimate she

Geneval Elechonic Conkigusahon + (h-t)d tl? ngo-*

18

wv VOIA

1A we as 8A

1 Periodic Table of the Elements 2

H 2 13 14 15 16 17 H e

Hydrogen nA mA IVA VA VIA VIA Helium

1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4003

3 5 6 7 8 9 10

3

Li Be B Cc N oO F Ne

Lithium Berylieum Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine

694. 9012 10811 12011 14.007 18.999 189968 20.

W 12 13 4 15 16 7 8

;

Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 " 12 Al Si P S cl Ar

a er | = 8 “ = a - e 7 | See) ee eee ee | ee | es

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

• 3

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Cobalt Nickel Copper Zine Gallium Arsenic Selermum Bromine Krypton

39.098 40078 44956 47 B67 50.942 ‘$1996 54.938 ee 56.933 58.693, 63.546 6538 69.723 wei ‘a 74922 7a97t 79.904 83.

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 47 48 49 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc “Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In “Sn Sb Te I Xe

Rubidium Strontium ‘Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Paliadi Cadmium Indium Antimony Tellurium lodine

BS.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95 96.907 10? 102.906 106.42 107 868 112414 114.816 in 7 121.760 276 126.904 131.

55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os “Tr Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Indium Platinum: Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

132.905 137.328 17849 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.085 196.967 200.592 204.383 2072 208.980 (208.962) 209.987 222.

87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 4 ms 116 117 118

Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh FI Mc lL Ts Og

Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubaium Seabs m Bohrium Hassium Meitnenium Darmstadtium Roentgenum Copernicium Nibonium Fleroveum Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine i”

223.020 226.025 (261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (278) (281) (280) (285) (286) (289) (289) 293) (294) (294)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 67 69 70 71

tanthenide La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm_ Eu "Gd “Tb “Dy Ho "er Tm Yb~ Lu

Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium ‘Samarium Europium Gadoliné Terbium Holmium Erbium Thuliurn Ytterbiuen Lutetium

138.905 140.116 140,908 144.243 144913 150.36 151,964 15725 158.925 Tso. 164.930 167.259 166.934 173.055 174.

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 99 100 101 102 103

serie ~Acl)6cTH C6CPaCUUCsCNp sO Pus Am cm "Bk "Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Actinium Thorium Protactinwum ‘Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium urluen Berkeliumn Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendeleviurn Nobeliuen Lawrencum

227028 232.036 231.036 238,029 237048 244.064 243.061 aro 247.070 251.080 (254) 257.095 258.1 259.101 (262)

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Sc Ti V Cr || Mn || Fe Co Ni || Cu Zn

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

x Zr || Nb || Mo|]| Tc {| Ru || Rh |} Pd || Ag || Cd

S57 72 73 74 io 76 77 78 79 80

La || Hf |} Ta || W || Re || Os Ir Pt || Au || Hg

89 || 104 |} 105 || 106 || 107 || 108 |} 109 |} 110 |] 111 || 112

Ac || Rf || Db || Sg |} Bh |} Hs || Mt || Ds || Rg |] Cn

As we

{rom Regt

to right ; atomic

xadu

hist

clecveases laygely

, ten “Wecreat ts

Slotby

and tnereaseo im

the end q the AesIe.-

190 -

180 —

170 -

160 —

150 —

140 —

130 —

120 —

This decrease in atomic radix

im the

beginning

fo dug &

the

{ntvease fm

eddechve nuclear

Charge with the increase in

Qlomic numbey.

with the, [wcvease m

"

AE ee Oa

—_— hu nthe # q

ee im (n- ya

Grob shel

the Sevens ng eH eck |

these d- elec ons on the

otutermosi

Vis- ehechons

abso

tmiMeacco-

This

incseased

Scyee

wh

obe

ft Counter

batanes

the effect

q Mexeased

nuclear

chaiqe, therefore te Qtvmic vadii temaino

almost SAM »

mn the end 4 me sexi e2%-e®©

ropubsion

taker

place

go

the

size

g atom

tncveaseo.

TONIC

RADIUS ,

mM

general , 1On0 the same ox itdobieu

side mw a given Series Show

progsessive Aecrease

mw yvaciue with inesease m aboruc number clue

tm the {nevease Mn efgective nucleay Chaxge

Tonic Radius

sai Shake

[ fone

Radlsi

Cert

fest J

ms

Heian mye and

6-Ft

First

estace ana

then decrease

cue te fncvease and cecreace &

number

gq Unbaived

ele chons

becouse the

Shength

g_

bond

dependd on numbe,; 4 unpaired ۩

Metallic

radius

(pm)

Tunasten Cw) hao the Wgh tot mpe

Mercury

CHg) 2

He only meted

in liqticl fom

> Show

alk tne prwperheo

% generod

Shengih 4. metallic bond « number metabo.

{ unpaired © tohich ingrease the Chance and

make the bond Show.. °

© Cy fb a hard

metol “while Zn

w a Soft metag,

They have Shove melollrc

bond dus to whith they have hi nih

aby ni roo

“ee

Wh enthonter

¢

C Lies b/w S-QAnd b- block element

move Man $-blocw but less than p-block eleme nit)

I-E

[neveaseo frm fost tb GUE in & bestod

ag the ebtech ve Nuclear charge ne ger.

T-E « Effechve Nuclear Charge

• LE 4 Zn, Cd andHg Wo Very High Aue to fylly

tilled

pyvitals

“rE

q Sd and bd ceria

element 10 more

an Jd

and

Gd elemenh

cue te

fanthande

and

Achwide

contraction,

Transition

ynelods have

a tendency

to

form Inlershhad

compounds

with

H, c, R ow N atoms.

They Gre

usually

none

Stoj chi

ole

tic And ave neither ty pj cally

(ovic vox Covalent.

Many G d-block elements f{oxm

Comslex combouncth.

because

cil They have amall ahomic yadu

city ugh Nucleay Charge

WY Presence % vacant drowitod go they com

accept lone pay gece ww WMgavich-

Transthon elemenk and theiy

compountlo

shows catatotic propertieo

clue to Variable

oxtdahion

State

and they Abi

tihe to Adopt

Mulh ple oxidakon strele.

, V0"

“2 ase,

+0,

== gso,

© Comet

fe.

N,+3H

SSS RNH,

C Haber

Bowes)

—. @ '

Ihe presence q unpaired ers wm Inconplefe o - orbitals,

hente possess +e capacity tH abso and re-emut

wide vange o energies

whith lo used ao an

activahen e ais

° if Unpaved c© to

present ,comblex i Coloured due to ded transitton

anc also jaxamagnehe ‘nm woduye.

if unpaired

fo absent,

complex o¥ compound io due t& the absence o

ded bransiffon and Alamagneh'c m nature

@g Cusdy fo blue :

Process)

mw Colouy while e 4

ZnSOy c

colous [e ss ¥

9

Oxidatton Stale :-

Show large number 4 Oxjdcdhon stole

dus to We bash'u pation 4 both (n-1)d and ns elechow

m bondi

ng im ci

fferent compounds.

Sc Ti a4 Cr Mn Fe Co nb Ons] Zn

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +

+4 +44 +4 +-4 +4 +4 +

+5 +5 +

+6 +6 +

»Mn shows mat mum nunden a. oxidahon state due tp

the lpveserice maximum mnuraber 4. unpaireal e©

e osmium (Os) show +% oxtdaton ckale

Curt f% move Stable tan Cult because ib Undesqoes

dispyopoxshonation Reachion m aqueous Solh

Jtylt ——>» Cut +&y

Noe) Tne a bilt hy oxygen to Stabilise these high

Oxidakon grate eaceeds Mat 4 fluorine because

ong ge can

toxm double

bond tolile

{fuorwhe fom

Angle bond.

9

As a vesult hight Mn {tuoride 1 Mnky

whereas the highest oxide fo Mn,0z.

Electrode Poientraf 5 -

The Stabrhi ty 4. @ COmbound

depencio ujoon

elechode potenbaf

and tt

duster

Cepencs up. °

i)

Enthakby

4

atoms

sober}

sublimahon

Un) Ton{sahion enthalpy

(ia)

Hydyahon

enthalpy

Oxide Formakon:-

Many g¢ the deblotk efemenk foro

oxide @ different twpes because a tHe presente

Ap yaw oliffevernr oxidahon gtalc,

Nok

Aegolte Chavader

x oxi. Steve

Towe Character X% AR: Stade.

e

Elemente

m ushich

last

ee

nies

wm

f-ovbibeh

¢

bre=penulhimake

Shell

ec i - -

Gener agi gaan - (neat (nd e4 nse

57 138,9/58 140,1/59 140,9]/60 1442/61 [(145]/62 1504/63 152,0/64 157,3/65 158,9/66 162,5/67 1649/68 167,3)69 168,9)70 173,1)/71 175,

4f-block elements (lanthanides)

ov Valence shell electronic Configuration 4f 7?" 5d°* 6s?

Lantharaid Series —5 58 | 59 60 61 62 | 63 64

Or La | Ce | Pr Nd | Pm) Sm | Eu | Gd

lanthanum Cerium //Praseodymium| Neodymium!|Promethium| Samarium || Europium | Gadolinium

198.905 140.116 140.908 144.249 144.913 | 150.360 151.964 157.

4f5d'6s? || 4f5d°6s? || 4f5d°6s* || 4f5d°Gs* |) 4f5d°Gs? | 4f5d°6s? || 4f5d°6s* | 4f5d'6s*

65 | 66 67 68 69 70 71

Tb | Dy Ho) Er |Tm) Yb | Lu

Terbium || Dysprosium)|) Holmium Erbium Thulium || Ytterbium || Lutetium

158.925 162.500 164.930 | 167.259 168.934 173.055 174.

4f50°s? || 4fesd°6s|| 4f5d°Gs? | 4f5d°6s || 4P35d°6s* I 4f450°6s? || 4f45d'6s?

Oxidation State:-

The COmmon Oxidahon State qd.

(onthenoids

7 + with + and +4,

Electronic

Configuration

General

elechonic

configuration

of

tan

thano

ide

axe

e

Ce xium,

Gadol’ni'um

avd

fulehtum

Pfove

e€@

wm

Sd -obiad as wel.

Name Symbol

lanthanum

La

57

Cerium

Ce

58

Praseodymium

Pr

59

Neodymium

Nd

60

Promethium

Pm

61

Samarium

Sm

6?

Europium

Eu

63

Gadolinium

Gd

64

Terbium

Tb

65

Dysprosium

Dy

66

Holmium

Ho

éf

Erbium

Er

68

Thulium

Tm

69

Ytterbium

Yb

70

Lutetium

Lu

71

Atomic

and

Tonic

Radi

‘the

atomic

and

anum

to

LuteHum

alo

Tn

Case

of

lanthanide

sevies

elements

|

entess

fnto

the

4f¢-oybital

Since

the s

Cttect

of

“4-oxbita"

&

nu

Evew (ess

clecreases

from

(auth

Atomic# Electron configuration

Xe)5d* 6s”

(Xe)

(Xe)4f* 5d* 6s?

Xe)4f* 6s?

(Xe)

(Xe)4f Gs?

(Xe)4f 6s?

(Xe) 4f° 64

(Xe)4f? Gs?

(Xe)4f?

5d* 6s?

Xe)4P 6s"

(Xe)

(Xe)4f"? 6s?

Xe)4ft! 6s?

(Xe)

(Xe)4f? 6s"

Xe)}4f? 6s?

(Xe)

(Xe)4f™* 6s?

(Xe)4f"* Sd? 6s?

_fess

than

dnayu

that

of

a-ovbitad

fonic

aga

whith

Known

the

Rast

¢

hi

el

cing

oy

Screem

ng

(gignad

‘be’

oxbostef

') Lanthanoidt

ave used

for the pyeducHon

of alloy

steels foy

plas and pipes

") Misch

wetad

alloy

of

lanthanoid

‘fs

used

Mg

• based

Qlloy

te produce

bullets,

Shel and

ig

htex flint.

(ii) Mixed

Oxides

oF

lanthamids

ave

used

as catalyst

jn

cracking

of

petzoleum

Y)

Some

lanthanum

oxides

are

used

as

phosphorus

im

television Screen

_ These

ave the elements

fn hich

last e©

Killed im S# orbitads, The ackiwoide ave vadtoactve elements

The

general

elec

honic

com.

SEI!

ga"!

Fst

inte quasi

tec

Yn

she

ele chronic

configuration

of ach

notde

ic due

t stabil’Hes

of

f'% occupancies

q St-ovbr tad.

: Both

exhibit +

oxidation state

predominantey

‘Both axe

elechopositive

and have

high veactivity,

-Uike

lantranoid

Cntrachon,

there

io ackhoid

conbachan

also,

Difference bjw lanthancids and Ach’noidc

Lanthanoids

eThey show mainly +3 Ori Stale. They

+2 and

Oxidahon

Stale

— Higher

oxidase

dike

4,

+5,

and

FF

shou

• 8 OKI.

Stale

’

Also

exit

• They have

boo chiekdding = they have

even poor

C Heat

Shielding

effect

They

are

pararnagne

hic

avd

They

are

also

paramag

nete

thers

pavamagnetic

chavacker

but

thers

maguelic

ey

can

be

erplatned

easly

Character

canit

be

easily

They

have

(ess

tendenuy

fo

‘They

have

move

tendency

form

comblexes

fo

fom

Corflexco

" These

ave

non-

vadioackve

These

ave

xaduoach've

CAcept

pwometnium

Substance.

~AcHoide

ave

used

fm

nuclear

yeactoxs

fox

te

prduchon

of

ebechfelty

• Ach*noids

axe Obso

used

for te synthesis

of

tyansuvanic

element.

Styuctuye

..

‘-

chromate

ion

CCr0¢°)

dichromate

(oh

CCx0z

9

I Q

5

0

\ L

pee

é Sex

Noy =o

Vi

o

. 0 -~

O /

\

o-

Proberties

¢

1)These

ave

orange ved

crystals,moderately

soluble

in cold

Waley but readily soluble in hot water

L) ActonOF heat

dy K Cx 07 —»& K, Ct Oy + Cv, 04+ £0,

2. ActionOF Alkadi -

G0, + AKOH —> & C04 +H,

LK, CrOg + HS —? K. 0, 0 ¢ + 80,4 HO

2a

OK"

.

©

4

K,Cr,0z

behave

as Powerful

OKidt

sing

agen

m

Cy (D)

b

Changed

int

CC

or)

Tonic

Reaction

G02"

+14h*+6e°

acy?

FH,

Moleculay Reaction

K,Cx,0, +

+H,S04 —>

KySO4 + Cx,

604), +4H

+300)

Cm Tt oxidise

—,:

i,

Fe*#

_,

C

ferrous

Salt

to

Ferric)

K,$ —?

SC

Sulphide

to Sulbher)

S0,¢ —> so” C Sulphite

to Sulphate)

SQ, —> HS,

CSulphur oli oxicle to Sulphusic Acid)

Hx

")

CC Halogen

Acid

to aan

CHROMYL

CHLORIDE

TEST

This tect fs done for

the identification of Cl- ions duving salt anakysis,

Potassium dichwmate is heated with conc H, $

And a palt having CQ Ce Nace, Kt2) ahd reddish

brown vapours of Chiomyl Chionde ave obtained.

CuO,

• 4K 46H 50,

ACO,

+6KHSO,+2H

0

> it oxidise

feet —

&** C Fersous salt

(wl Fewic Sat

HS +S

Oxalic aud —» ©, +H

SO, —>

H, S

v— tT,

Hy 0, —» 0,

Oxidising Reachons in Neutvat Medium...

AKMnOg

+ HO —>

AKOR + AMnQ,

+ S [o)

Mn” + AHO + 5e2 —> Mnd, + 40H"

P it oxidise

HS —>§

Mn S04 —? Mnd,

Na, SO, —> Na,S0, (thin sulphate

To Su(phate

AEE GMe 2 |

RKMNO, +dKOH —? 2K Vinds + HO + [0]

SGA,

• 0 —>

Mno, + tkOH

Fa

LKMnOg +H.

—? Mnd,

• RKOH +

[0]

Mndg+

2,0 + 2e

—> Mn0y

t 4 OW

, The

overall reactions

ty

alkaline

medium

e

AME

oS

Mm neutsal

medium

Structure of

MnO,”

Mnda

o

id

Mu

Ma

7\~o

a

O

0%

Il

~»-

O

0

Tehafedral mang quate tov

Cgxeen)

( paramagnehc

)

Tetra

fredrval

permanganate

jou

burple

(DIA

magnetic

)