Download D115 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FULL PROGRAM & SYSTEM RECAP MASTER DOMAIN 2026. and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
D115 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FULL
PROGRAM & SYSTEM RECAP MASTER
DOMAIN 2026.
⫸ Hypotonia. Answer: Reduced muscle tone seen in cri du chat. ⫸ Microcephaly. Answer: Small head size, symptom of cri du chat. ⫸ Hypertelorism. Answer: Widely spaced eyes, seen in cri du chat. ⫸ Bilateral infiltrates. Answer: Key feature in diagnosing ARDS. ⫸ Decreased pulmonary compliance. Answer: Characteristic of ARDS, indicating stiff lungs. ⫸ Assessment of lifestyle and risk factors. Answer: A comprehensive evaluation of an individual's habits and potential health risks. ⫸ CBC. Answer: Complete Blood Count, a blood test used to evaluate overall health and detect a variety of disorders. ⫸ BMP. Answer: Basic Metabolic Panel, a blood test that measures glucose, calcium, and electrolytes.
⫸ UA. Answer: Urinalysis, a test that examines the content of urine to assess health. ⫸ Initiation of anti-hypertensive medications. Answer: The process of starting medication to lower high blood pressure, contingent upon confirmed diagnosis. ⫸ Diagnosis of hypertension. Answer: Determined by measuring blood pressure on at least two separate occasions, averaging at least 2 minutes apart. ⫸ Left-sided heart failure. Answer: A condition where the left side of the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs. ⫸ Untreated hypertension. Answer: High blood pressure that is not managed, leading to increased workload on the left ventricle and potential heart failure. ⫸ Electrolyte imbalances in heart failure. Answer: Changes in serum electrolyte levels, commonly resulting in hyponatremia and hypokalemia due to compensatory mechanisms. ⫸ Dyspnea and pulmonary congestion. Answer: Primary symptoms associated with left-sided heart failure, characterized by difficulty breathing and fluid in the lungs.
⫸ Acquiring two abnormal sickle genes. Answer: Leads to sickle cell disease. ⫸ Life expectancy with sickle cell trait. Answer: Generally good, as sickle cell trait is not a disease. ⫸ Common genetic mutation of hemoglobin. Answer: Sickle cell trait, prevalent in populations from W. Africa, the Middle East, and Mediterranean regions. ⫸ Malaria. Answer: A disease caused by parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. ⫸ Sickle Cell Trait. Answer: Genetic condition providing partial protection against malaria. ⫸ Sickle Cell Disease. Answer: Severe form of sickle cell trait leading to health complications. ⫸ Herpes Zoster. Answer: Viral infection causing painful vesicular rash along dermatomes. ⫸ Prodromal Stage. Answer: Initial phase before full symptoms develop, like rash or fever.
⫸ Atopic Dermatitis. Answer: Chronic inflammatory skin disease causing itchy, red skin. ⫸ Pyelonephritis. Answer: Kidney inflammation due to bacterial infection, often UTI-related. ⫸ Proteinuria. Answer: Presence of excess protein in urine, indicating kidney damage. ⫸ Lower-Extremity Venous Insufficiency. Answer: Condition causing poor blood flow in leg veins, leading to edema. ⫸ Duodenal Ulcer. Answer: Ulcer in the duodenum causing burning abdominal pain after meals. ⫸ Reflux Esophagitis. Answer: Inflammation of the esophagus due to acid reflux. ⫸ Acute Gouty Arthritis. Answer: Sudden joint inflammation, often at the big toe, due to uric acid. ⫸ Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). Answer: Test measuring inflammation by observing red blood cell settling. ⫸ Joint Space Narrowing. Answer: Reduction of space in joints, common in osteoarthritis.
⫸ Cholecystitis. Answer: Inflammation of the gallbladder, causing abdominal pain. ⫸ Nausea. Answer: Feeling of sickness with an urge to vomit. ⫸ Paresthesia. Answer: Abnormal sensation such as tingling or prickling. ⫸ Bone Spurs. Answer: Bony projections that develop along joint margins. ⫸ Thickening of Synovial Membrane. Answer: Increased tissue lining joints, common in arthritis. ⫸ Anemia of chronic disease. Answer: Anemia caused by long-term inflammation or illness. ⫸ Elevated CRP. Answer: Increased C-reactive protein indicates inflammation. ⫸ No disease specific laboratory abnormalities. Answer: Typical in non-inflammatory conditions like OA. ⫸ Elevated ANA. Answer: Indicates presence of antinuclear antibodies in blood.
⫸ CRP (C-reactive protein). Answer: Liver-produced substance that rises with inflammation. ⫸ Normal CRP levels. Answer: Less than 3-10 mg/L indicates no inflammation. ⫸ Postrenal azotemia. Answer: Increased BUN and creatinine due to urinary obstruction. ⫸ Prerenal azotemia. Answer: Elevated BUN and creatinine from decreased kidney blood flow. ⫸ Azotemia or uremia. Answer: High waste products in blood due to kidney failure. ⫸ Renal biopsy. Answer: Confirms glomerular disease through tissue examination. ⫸ Glomerulonephritis. Answer: Kidney inflammation affecting waste removal ability. ⫸ Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). Answer: Disorder causing simultaneous clotting and bleeding. ⫸ Stage 3 chronic kidney disease. Answer: GFR of 42 indicates moderate kidney dysfunction.
⫸ Creatinine. Answer: Waste product indicating kidney function; elevated in azotemia. ⫸ Hematuria. Answer: Presence of blood in urine, indicative of kidney issues. ⫸ Joint pain. Answer: Common symptom in autoimmune diseases affecting kidneys. ⫸ Septicemia. Answer: Blood infection often leading to DIC. ⫸ Tachycardia. Answer: Increased heart rate, often seen in heart failure. ⫸ Basilar crackles. Answer: Lung sounds indicating fluid overload in heart failure. ⫸ Distended bladder. Answer: Enlarged bladder due to inability to empty. ⫸ Fatigue. Answer: Common symptom in chronic diseases and anemia. ⫸ Hereditary Angioedema. Answer: Genetic defect in C1 esterase inhibitor.
⫸ Down Syndrome. Answer: Associated with recurrent respiratory tract infections. ⫸ Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Answer: Causes aspiration of thin fluids in children. ⫸ Stress Response. Answer: Relieving it decreases glucose uptake. ⫸ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Answer: Increases pneumonia risk in elderly patients. ⫸ Influenza Vaccine. Answer: Recommended annually for COPD patients. ⫸ BRCA1. Answer: Genetic marker linked to breast cancer risk. ⫸ Ovarian Cancer. Answer: Increased risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers. ⫸ Multiple Sclerosis. Answer: Characterized by loss of myelin sheaths. ⫸ Demyelination. Answer: Disruption of nerve conduction in multiple sclerosis.
⫸ Hyperosmolarity. Answer: High concentration of solutes in serum. ⫸ Traumatic Brain Injury. Answer: Can lead to polydipsia and dilute urine. ⫸ Urinary Catheter. Answer: Used to monitor urine output in ICU. ⫸ Sedentary Activity. Answer: Contributes to weight gain in depressed patients. ⫸ Insomnia. Answer: Common symptom in patients with depression. ⫸ Chronic Illness. Answer: Increases risk of respiratory infections. ⫸ Airway Restriction. Answer: Caused by hypertonia in Down syndrome. ⫸ Cerebral Perfusion. Answer: Decreased in cases of brain injury. ⫸ Arousal Symptoms. Answer: Include hypervigilance and increased startle response. ⫸ Hyperpituitarism. Answer: Excessive hormone secretion from the pituitary gland.
⫸ Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Answer: Excess ADH causing water retention and hyponatremia. ⫸ Diabetes insipidus. Answer: ADH deficiency leading to dilute urine and hypernatremia. ⫸ Hypopituitarism. Answer: Insufficient hormone production by the pituitary gland. ⫸ Cushing's disease. Answer: Excess cortisol production causing various symptoms. ⫸ Hypercortisolism. Answer: High cortisol levels affecting metabolism and immune response. ⫸ Addison's disease. Answer: Adrenal insufficiency leading to low cortisol and aldosterone. ⫸ Retropharyngeal abscess. Answer: Infection causing swelling and pain in the throat area. ⫸ Choanal atresia. Answer: Congenital blockage of the nasal passage. ⫸ Epstein pearls. Answer: Small white cysts in the mouth of infants.
⫸ Airway narrowing. Answer: Constriction of air passages leading to breathing difficulties. ⫸ Surfactant deficiency. Answer: Lack of surfactant causing alveolar collapse. ⫸ Chlamydia. Answer: Common STD associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. ⫸ Cortisol. Answer: Hormone regulating metabolism and stress response. ⫸ Adenoids. Answer: Lymphoid tissue located behind the nose. ⫸ Striae. Answer: Skin marks from rapid stretching or weight gain. ⫸ Hypertension. Answer: High blood pressure, often associated with Cushing's. ⫸ Dysuria. Answer: Painful urination often indicating infection. ⫸ cystic fibrosis (CF). Answer: hereditary, autosomal recessive disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, defective chloride channels in plasma membranes, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms;
⫸ empyema. Answer: accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity ⫸ pathological mechanism of cystic fibrosis. Answer: Thick mucus causing progressive clogging of the bronchi and bronchioles ⫸ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Answer: a progressive lung disease that causes breathing difficulties ⫸ arterial blood gases. Answer: clinical test on arterial blood to identify the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide ⫸ sideroblastic anemia. Answer: anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin ⫸ iron deficiency anemia. Answer: anemia caused by inadequate iron intake ⫸ hemolytic anemia. Answer: anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells ⫸ pernicious anemia. Answer: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream ⫸ Hodgkin lymphoma. Answer: a type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
⫸ causes of primary hypertension. Answer: Genetics ⫸ Hypertrophy of left ventricle. Answer: Enlargement of the heart's left chamber. ⫸ Elevation of cholesterol level. Answer: Increased blood cholesterol, risk for heart disease. ⫸ Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Answer: Chronic condition affecting glucose metabolism. ⫸ Esophageal varices. Answer: Enlarged veins in the esophagus, risk of bleeding. ⫸ Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Answer: Stress-induced heart condition, resembles heart attack. ⫸ Unstable angina. Answer: Chest pain at rest, indicates heart ischemia. ⫸ Holosystolic murmur. Answer: Continuous heart sound throughout systole, indicates VSD. ⫸ Ventricular septal defect. Answer: Large hole between heart's ventricles, unoxygenated blood flow.
⫸ Aortic atresia. Answer: Absent or small opening between aorta and left ventricle. ⫸ Kawasaki disease. Answer: Inflammation of blood vessels, leads to coronary issues. ⫸ Intimal thickening. Answer: Narrowing of arteries due to cell proliferation. ⫸ Nephrotic syndrome. Answer: Excessive protein loss in urine, causes edema. ⫸ Renal gluconeogenesis. Answer: Glucose production from non- carbohydrate sources in kidneys. ⫸ Glycogenolysis. Answer: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose for energy. ⫸ Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors. Answer: Medications that reduce glucose reabsorption in kidneys. ⫸ Uromodulin. Answer: Protein secreted by renal tubular cells, forms urinary matrix. ⫸ Raynaud disease. Answer: Vasospasm causing fingers to turn blue and white.
