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D184 Standards-Based Assessment – Exam Study Guide
Section 1: Key Definitions & Foundational Concepts This section covers the vocabulary and core principles that appear throughout the OA. Master these first. Question Answer What is a standards- based grading system? A grading system that tracks student progress towards and achievement of learning targets derived from educational standards; grades reflect student mastery of learning targets and are measured on proficiency scales.
What is a traditional grading system? A system where grades are calculated based on percentages, often including nonacademic factors such as participation and effort. What is a focus statement? The full standard statement rewritten to provide clear, detailed guidance for instruction and assessment, capturing the full intent of the standard. What are other names for a focus statement? Big ideas, enduring understandings, objectives/subobjectives, learning goals, or learning targets.
Describe the 4-point proficiency scale levels. 4.0 = Advanced (in-depth application, extension); 3.0 = Proficient (independent mastery of the standard); 2.0 = Developing (partial success); 1.0 = Beginning (requires help). What is a generic scale? A scale used across multiple topics where students are rated from 1-4 based on general knowledge levels, not customized to a specific standard. What are half-point score values (e.g., 2.5) used for? To indicate that a student has mastered a level (e.g., 2.0) but does not meet all criteria for the next level (e.g., 3.0).
What is a measurement topic? A small set of critical themes or key concepts within the curriculum, used as the basis for multiple assessments. What is the purpose of unpacking standards? To design instruction and assessment that adequately measures proficiency for each student. What three steps are involved in writing focus statements?
- Identify the academic standard; 2. Unpack the standard; 3. Write focus statements. How is consistency of behavior addressed in proficiency scales? It should not be included, as it uses qualitative terms like "always" or "sometimes" and is not appropriate for measuring academic achievement.
What is unidimensionality in assessment? The principle that all parallel assessments should measure a single concept or skill consistently. How do parallel assessments improve accuracy? By removing much of the error from student scores, leading to a more accurate estimation of a student's true score. What is an assessment blueprint? A guide that ensures assessments are aligned with specific learning targets and proficiency scales, providing specifications for developing individual assessment items.
What is the primary purpose of an assessment blueprint? To measure test validity and reliability. What is the point scoring method? A method where each assessment item is assigned a numerical value; student proficiency is determined by the percentage of available points earned and translated into a score on a proficiency scale. What is required for point scoring to determine proficiency? It requires establishing a cut score.
What does HP stand for in response code scoring? High Partial Accuracy. What does LP stand for in response code scoring? Low Partial Accuracy. Section 2: Comparing Grading Systems & Assessment Models
How does a standards- based grading system differ from a traditional one? Standards-based grading tracks proficiency on specific learning targets; traditional grades often include non-academic factors like behavior and effort averaged into a final percentage. How do teachers know student performance is improving in an SBG system? Students achieve higher proficiency levels (e.g., from a 2.0 to a 3.0) on learning targets, not just higher letter grades or percentages. What does a score of 2. on a proficiency scale The student has not yet fully mastered the standard being assessed.
What is a criticism of standards-based grading systems? Assessments are often too narrowly focused and do not reflect proficiency in "soft skills" like time management or creativity. What problematic assessment practice does SBG help teachers avoid? Tagging multiple standards to a single assignment, which can obscure mastery of individual concepts. What is a "best fit" model? A method to determine a student's true summative score based on comparing error rates between predicted and actual scores; the model with the least error is the best fit.
What is the method of mounting evidence? A process using multiple indicators (assessments, observations) to find patterns in student achievement and determine summative scores over time. What is the most frequent score in the method of mounting evidence used for? It is often used to estimate the student's overall summative performance. What is the method of mathematical models? A technology-based approach used to estimate a student's true summative score at any point in time.
What is the mathematical relationship between observed and true scores? Observed Score = True Score + Error Score. What is the Marzano Growth Calculator used for? To calculate true summative scores using three mathematical models (Linear, Curvilinear, Average) to determine the best-fit model with the least error. What is a linear trend model? A mathematical model that assumes a steady and equal increase in learning over time. What is a curvilinear trend model? A model assuming that when initially learning, students show large knowledge gains that
flatten out over time; the bar graph appears slightly curved. What is an average trend model? A model that assumes no learning occurs between assessments; scores are combined and averaged, appearing as a straight line on a graph. What are aberrant patterns? Unusual performance patterns requiring evaluation to determine if results are reliable or influenced by external factors (e.g., student having a bad day).
4.0. What is the summative score using the average model (rounded to nearest tenth)? What is required for parallel assessments to be useful for tracking learning and growth? They need to be both reliable and valid. What does reliability in assessment refer to? The degree to which an assessment accurately and constantly measures the same content for all students (consistent outcomes).
What does validity in assessment refer to? The degree to which an assessment is relevant to the intended content and measures what it is supposed to measure. What is the key requirement for parallel assessments? They must be unidimensional (measure one standard) and have equal levels of difficulty. An assessment item at level 3.0 is worth 10 points; the student earns 7 points (70%). The teacher concludes the student Point scoring.
