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D265 Critical Thinking Questions and
Answers
Critical Thinking - Correct answer The ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning/to be critical of your own reasoning. Propositions - Correct answer The fundamental building blocks of arguments. They are a statement that can be true or false. Simple propositions - Correct answer They have no internal logic structure, they are simply true or false based on how the world is. Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens. - Correct answer Simple proposition Complex propositions - Correct answer They have internal logic structure, and whether they are true or false depends on if their parts are true or false. If freedom should be the highest value for its citizens, then we should promote it in our laws and policies. - Correct answer Complex proposition Argument - Correct answer Contains at least two statements or propositions: a conclusion and one or more premises that lend support to the conclusion. Premise - Correct answer A proposition that supports the conclusion. Conclusion Indicators - Correct answer Therefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result. Premise Indicators - Correct answer Because, for, given that, in that, as, since, indicated by.
Conclusion - Correct answer The claim that the whole argument is intended to support or prove. Deduction - Correct answer Arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion. Types of arguments that are deductive - Correct answer Mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition. Induction - Correct answer Arguments where the premises make the conclusion likely to be true. Types of arguments that are inductive/ampliative - Correct answer Analogies, authority, casual inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations. P1: Monty is in Bejing P2: It is impossible to get here from Bejing in an afternoon Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - Correct answer Deductive argument P1: Monty is really shy P2: Monty rarely goes to parties Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - Correct answer Inductive/ampliative argument Soundness/Validity - Correct answer Elements of a deductive argument Validity - Correct answer If true, the premises make the conclusion true Soundness - Correct answer The argument's premises guarantee the conclusion when true (Validity), and all premises are true Strength/Cogency - Correct answer Elements of an inductive argument Strength - Correct answer The premises give probable support for the conclusion. Cogent - Correct answer The premises give probable support towards the conclusion when true (Strength), and all premises are true
Denying the Antecedent basic structure - Correct answer P1. If X, then Y P2. Not X C: Therefore, not Y Commits Formal Fallacy P1. If I'm in Rome, then I'm in Italy P2. I am not in Rome C: Therefore, I am not in Italy - Correct answer Denying the Antecedent Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning - Correct answer An argument where the premise restates the conclusion instead of supporting it. Arguing in a circle. P1. The Earth is ball-shaped C: Therefore, the Earth is a sphere - Correct answer Begging the Question (Informal Fallacy) The Fallacy Fallacy - Correct answer Occurs when the fact that a fallacy has been committed is used to justify rejecting someone's conclusion. They have committed the fallacy of begging the question, therefore we should reject their conclusion. - Correct answer The Fallacy Fallacy Bias - Correct answer Supporting a particular conclusion regardless of the evidence The Principle of Charity - Correct answer Interpreting a speaker's reasoning in the best possible light. This makes their position as strong and defensible as possible. Shae said, "It seems that the Earth is flat." Shae must mean that the Earth looks flat to observers on the ground even though our planet is really round. - Correct answer The Principle of Charity Confirmation Bias - Correct answer The tendency to focus on evidence that confirms what an individual already believes, and to ignore evidence to the contrary.
Cognitive Bias - Correct answer The way we naturally categorize and make sense of the world around us. Alief - Correct answer An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned out beliefs. Heuristic - Correct answer a rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy that doesn't work all of the time, but one that gets us where we need to go most of the time. _______ can become issues when we want to engage in good reasoning, fair-mindedness, or intellectual virtue. - Correct answer Heuristics The Representative Heuristic - Correct answer a mental Heuristic whereby people try to understand/judge a situation by means of situations in memories that bear similarities to it Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic - Correct answer When someone clusters their guesses around a given anchor The Anchoring Bias - Correct answer a tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information The Availability Heuristic - Correct answer When one makes a judgment regarding a new situation using only information that is readily available without considering additional information or evidence that may affect the situation. Algorithm Bubble - Correct answer The curated and personalized version of online reality that a website shows you when you log on. A true random sample - Correct answer The way individuals were put into the sample was done using random methods that were not biased in favor of any particular subgroup. A true representative sample - Correct answer Individuals in the sample are varied enough to give a good idea of all beliefs and ideas. Statistics can be __________ very easily. - Correct answer manipulated
The Straw Figure/Straw man Fallacy - Correct answer When someone willfully or mistakenly misinterprets someone else's argument or position. They often interpret their opponents position to make it indefensible. A Red Herring - Correct answer A distraction. When someone intentionally or unintentionally changes the subject entirely when an arguer doesn't want to answer a question. This distraction is not used as an answer, but just as a different subject entirely. An Irrelevant Appeal - Correct answer Any kind of appeal to a factor, consideration, or reason that isn't relevant to the argument at hand. It is used as a reason/answer to the question rather than a distraction. Appeal to Authority Fallacy - Correct answer When we trust an authority on one subject to speak on a different subject they don't have expertise in. Appeal to Force Fallacy - Correct answer When a threat is used as a justification for the claim in an argument. "If you don't believe this, then I'm going to hurt you" - Correct answer Appeal to Force Fallacy Appeal to the People (Ad Populum) Fallacy - Correct answer Appealing to the popularity of a thing, idea, or practice in order to justify that thing, idea, or practice. The Appeal to Consequences Fallacy - Correct answer occurs when an arguer attempts to persuade the audience to accept a conclusion based on the perceived consequence of that conclusion The Fallacy of Equivocation - Correct answer Using the same term in an argument in different places but the word has different meanings. "Children are a headache. Aspirin will make headaches go away. Therefore, aspirin will make children go away." - Correct answer The Fallacy of Equivocation The Slippery Slope Fallacy - Correct answer This fallacy is committed when one event is said to lead to some other event via a chain of intermediary events.
The Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy - Correct answer When someone cherry- picks data to suit which conclusion they'd like to prove. They already know the conclusion they want before researching. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc/Post Hoc Fallacy - Correct answer Occurs when someone mistakes correlation for causation. Just because something regularly follows another thing, doesn't mean that it is caused by that other thing. As the saying goes, correlation does not imply causation Nowhere is this fallacy more in evidence than in our evaluation of the performance of presidents of the United States. Everything that happens during or immediately after their administrations tends to be pinned on them. - Correct answer Post Hoc Fallacy The Fallacy of Hasty Generalization - Correct answer When one jumps to a conclusion about a group of people, things, or events, but does so too quickly and without enough evidence or with too small a sample. Suppose Jones believes that every morning that he steps out of his house with his right foot first, he will have a good day. Jones believes this because last Tuesday morning he stepped out of his house with his right foot first. Later in the day, he received a raise at work, his friends took him to lunch, and he won $500 in the lottery. Which fallacy did Jones commit? - Correct answer Post Hoc Fallacy The Fallacy of "Burden Shifting" - Correct answer When one decides that someone else must prove them wrong when they are the one with the burden of proof, as in they should prove themselves right. The False Dilemma Fallacy - Correct answer When someone assumes that only two options are available for consideration when there are actually more. Suppose a person argues that one and only one of two options is true. However, there are more than two options. In other words, the argument looks like this: Either p is true or q is true. Q is not true. Therefore, p is true.
