Download Immune System Case Study: Mucosal, Autoimmunity, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
D515 Final Case Study questions with Solutions
1. The mucosal immune system activates responds how to immune respons- es, predominantly at
homeostasis?: down-regulation
2. The mucosal immune system drains to where?: regional lymphatics
3. The mucosal and systemic immune systems differ in that mucosal M cells in MALT and GALT
transport antigen where, while the systemic immune system utilizes what?: across cell bodies to dendritic cells/afferent lymphatics
4. Antigens are produced in response to what in protective immunity?: invasive bacteria, viruses,
toxins
5. Antigens are produced in response to what in mucosal tolerance?: food proteins, commensal
bacteria
6. What immunoglobulin is primarily produced in protective immunity?: intesti- nal IgA and IgG,
specific antibodies present in serum
7. What immunoglobulin is primarily produced in mucosal tolerance?: some local IgA, low or no
antibodies in serum
8. What is the primary T cell response in protective immunity?: local and sys- temic effector and
memory T cells
9. What is the primary T cell response in mucosal tolerance?: pTreg cell induc- tion, no local effector T
cell response
10. What is the response to antigen reexposure in protective immunity?: en- hanced (memory)
response
11. What is the response to antigen reexposure in mucosal tolerance?: low or no response to
systemic response
12. Mucosal immune system macrophages are different than systemic macrophages in that
they don't produce many what?: cytokines
13. Mucosal immune system macrophages are different than systemic macrophages in that they lack
receptors for what?: IgA, complement, some IgG
14. What are mucosal immune system macrophages called?: inflammation an- ergic macrophages
15. What conditions mucosal immune system macrophages?: commensal mi- crobiota
16. Effector cells in lymph nodes return where in respiratory mucosa?: antigen
17. Upper airways have lots of which immunoglobulin plasma cells and Treg cells?: SIgA
18. Where are Langerhans cells found in the mucosal immune system?: skin
19. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Goodpasture's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease,
psoriasis, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoim- mune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune Addison's disease, vitiligo, and myas- thenia gravis are all examples of what type of autoimmune disease?: or- gan-specific
30. What is the consequence of multiple sclerosis?: formation of sclerotic plaques in brain and
spinal cord with destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding nerve cell axons, leading to muscle weakness, ataxia, and other symptoms
31. Which T cells recognize antigen bound to MHC class II (APCs) and bind to the B2 domain, found
on B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages?: CD
32. Which T cells recognize antigen bound to MHC class I (all nucleated cells) and bind to the a
domain?: CD
33. Which CD4 T cells recognize MHC II on macrophages and activate cells to destroy pathogens in
their vesicles?: Th
34. Which CD4 T cells recognize MHC II on B cells and stimulate the B cells to produce antibodies?:
Th
35. What do cytotoxic CD8 T cells secrete to kill all kinds of cells tagged with MHC I?: granzymes,
perforin
36. When presenting antigen to the T cell, pathogen protein in the cell is broken down, processing
antigen, and presents what to the MHC molecule to be recognized by the T cell receptor?: peptide
37. What do B cells take up, allowing immunoglobulin to bind, be internalized by receptor mediated
endocytosis, with degraded fragments presented on MHC II, thereby inducing co-stimulatory molecules?: soluble antigen
38. A B cell binds to a specific antigen via signals to internalize the antigen, leading to delivery of
the antigen to intracellular sites to be bound to MHC II followed by linked recognition by T cell
(perhaps to different epitope), a process called what?: B cell activation
39. What cells are activated to antigens that may reside within the viral parti- cle?: T cells
40. What cells recognize a surface epitope of a virus and can process and pre- sent other antigen
epitopes with the assistance of viral-specific TFH cells?: B cells
41. What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?: pituitary stalk
42. Which pituitary cells act like true endocrine cells?: anterior
43. Which pituitary cells are an extension of the nervous system, acting like neuro-endocrine
cells?: posterior
44. What forms the anterior pituitary?: Rathke's pouch
45. What forms the posterior pituitary?: finger-like projections from hypothalamus
46. What is another name for the pituitary gland?: hypophysis
47. What is another name for the anterior pituitary?: adenohypophysis
48. What is the para distalis?: anterior lobe of anterior pituitary
49. What is the para tuberalis?: outer covering of anterior pituitary stalk
50. What is another name for the posterior pituitary?: neurohypophysis
51. What is the inner part of the posterior pituitary stalk?: infundibular stem
52. What is the posterior lobe of the posterior pituitary?: infundibular process
target cells, utilizing what?: G proteins, second mes- sengers, protein kinases
61. What is the primary effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on the anterior pituitary?:
stimulates ACTH secretion
62. What is the primary effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the anterior pituitary?:
stimulates TSH secretion, PRL
63. What is the primary effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on the anterior pituitary?:
stimulates LH and FSH secretion
64. What is the primary effect of somatostatin (SRIF) on the anterior pituitary?-
: inhibits GH and TSH secretion
65. What is the primary effect of growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (GHRH) on the anterior
pituitary?: stimulates GH secretion
66. What is the primary effect of prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)?: stimulates prolactin secretion
67. What is the primary effect of prolactin-inhibitory hormone (dopamine)?: -
inhibits prolactin secretion
68. What hormone affects growth, nutrition, and/or function of other endocrine glands?: tropic
69. What tropic hormone is stimulated by TRH, inhibited by SRIF, and targets the thyroid?: TSH
70. What tropic hormone is stimulated by CRH and targets the adrenal cor- tex?: ACTH
71. What non-tropic hormone is stimulated by PRF, inhibited by dopamine, and targets the breast?:
prolactin
72. What tropic hormones are stimulated by GnRH and target the ovaries and testes?: FSH and LH
73. What tropic hormone is stimulated by GHRH, inhibited by SRIF, and targets various tissues?: GH
74. What hormone stimulates iodide uptake, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, and
regulates gland growth (promotes protein synthesis of follic- ular cells, size, and structural integrity)?: TSH (thyrotropin)
75. What hormone stimulates steroidogenesis and the secretion of glucocorti- coids,
mineralocorticoids, and androgenic steroids from the adrenal cortex?- : ACTH (corticotropin)
76. ACTH is synthesized as part of a what also containing POMC (proopiome- lanocortin peptide) and
MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)?: prohormone
77. ACTH binds to what adrenal cortex receptor?: melanocortin
78. What hormone releases PRF and TRH, inhibits dopamine, induces and maintains lactation,
and decreases reproductive function and suppresses sexual drive (inhibits LH and FSH)?: prolactin (lactotropin)
79. What hormone releases GnRH, regulates gonadal function, promotes sex steroid production, and
promotes gametogenesis?: LH and FSH (gonadotropin)
80. What hormone releases GHRH and thyroid hormones, inhibits somato- statin, is an insulin-like
growth factor (IGF-1 liver, periodontal regeneration stimulates type I collagen), primarily promotes linear growth, and involved in nutrient metabolism?: GH/hGH (somatotropin)
81. What does GH/hGH counter-regulate in the hypothalamic-pituitary GH axis?: insulin
