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DAANCE module 1: Basic Sciences, Exams of Nursing

Chamberlain College of NursingNursing

DAANCE module 1: Basic SciencesDAANCE module 1: Basic SciencesDAANCE module 1: Basic SciencesDAANCE module 1: Basic Sciences

Typology: Exams

2022/2023

Available from 07/26/2023

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DAANCE module 1: Basic Sciences
1)What is the role of the central nervous system?
2)What are the 3 subdivisions of the central nervous system?Correct Answer1) To
provide overall control of body function
2) Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What are the cells of the nervous system called?
2) What are they responsible for?
3) What is action potential? What happens during this?
4) How is this related to a synapse?
5) What is a synapse?Correct Answer1) Neurons
2) Responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain and from one body part to
another
3) The nerves threshold of stimulus. When an impulse reaches the threshold, the
impulse travels along the neuron at a constant rate.
4) When an impulse reaches the end of the neuron, it can pass to another neuron
across a synapse.
5) A junction between two neurons.
DEPOLARIZATION/REPOLARIZATION:
1) Explain depolarization.
2) What substance is often the material moving in and out of the membrane?
3) What is the wave of polarization?
4) Explain repolarization.
5) How does this relate to local anesthetics?Correct Answer1) The outside of a
nerve membrane is positively charged. When those charges move into the membrane,
the outside is left negatively charged.
2) Na+ ions
3) The movement of changing charges during depolarization.
4) After the nerve impulse passes through the nerve, the nerve fibers become
repolarized, or positively charged, again.
5) Local anesthetics interfere with Na+ ions traveling through the ion channels,
preventing depolarization and slowing or stopping the nerve impulses.
SYNAPSES:
1) What is a terminal button?
2) What are pre-synaptic and post-synaptic?
3) What is a synaptic cleft?
4) What substance is this product dependent on?
5) What action does this substance have?Correct Answer1) The bulge at the end of
the nerve, that touches the next nerve.
2) The nerve before and after the synapse that is active.
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DAANCE module 1: Basic Sciences

1)What is the role of the central nervous system?

2)What are the 3 subdivisions of the central nervous system? Correct Answer 1) To

provide overall control of body function

  1. Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System NERVOUS SYSTEM:
  2. What are the cells of the nervous system called?
  3. What are they responsible for?
  4. What is action potential? What happens during this?
  5. How is this related to a synapse?

5) What is a synapse? Correct Answer 1) Neurons

  1. Responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain and from one body part to another
  2. The nerves threshold of stimulus. When an impulse reaches the threshold, the impulse travels along the neuron at a constant rate.
  3. When an impulse reaches the end of the neuron, it can pass to another neuron across a synapse.
  4. A junction between two neurons. DEPOLARIZATION/REPOLARIZATION:
  5. Explain depolarization.
  6. What substance is often the material moving in and out of the membrane?
  7. What is the wave of polarization?
  8. Explain repolarization.

5) How does this relate to local anesthetics? Correct Answer 1) The outside of a

nerve membrane is positively charged. When those charges move into the membrane, the outside is left negatively charged.

  1. Na+ ions
  2. The movement of changing charges during depolarization.
  3. After the nerve impulse passes through the nerve, the nerve fibers become repolarized, or positively charged, again.
  4. Local anesthetics interfere with Na+ ions traveling through the ion channels, preventing depolarization and slowing or stopping the nerve impulses. SYNAPSES:
  5. What is a terminal button?
  6. What are pre-synaptic and post-synaptic?
  7. What is a synaptic cleft?
  8. What substance is this product dependent on?

5) What action does this substance have? Correct Answer 1) The bulge at the end of

the nerve, that touches the next nerve.

  1. The nerve before and after the synapse that is active.
  1. The gap between two nerves, which a nerve impulse must 'jump across' to communicate with the next nerve.
  2. Neurotransmitters
  3. They enable transmission of the depolarization wave from one nerve onto the receptor sites of the next. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
  4. What is the central nervous system, and what does it consist of?

2) What are the parts of the CNS? (4 parts) Correct Answer 1) It is the overall control

center of the body, consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

  1. Cerebral Cortex, Core of the Brain, Cerebellum, and the Brainstem. CEREBRAL CORTEX:
  2. How many parts does it have?

2) What are its main responsibilities? (6 things) Correct Answer 1) 2 parts- paired

cerebral hemispheres.

  1. Essential functions- thought, learning, memory, consciousness, feeling of sensation (such as pain or heat), and initiation of muscle movement. CORE OF THE BRAIN:
  2. What is its main purpose?
  3. What does one of the core's components do?

3) What can other important structures in the core do? Correct Answer 1) Impulses

pass through the core on their way to or from the cerebral cortex.

  1. It serves as a relay station between sensory inputs from the periphery of the body to the cerebral cortex.
  2. They play important roles in the body's autonomic (automatic) functions, and emotions. CEREBELLUM:

1) What is the purpose? Correct Answer 1) It is the coordinating center for both

sensory receptors (vision, hearing) and coordination of movement. BRAINSTEM:

  1. Where is this located?
  2. What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
  3. What important control centers does it contain?

4) What else does it contain, and what does this do? Correct Answer 1) Between the

brains core and the spinal cord (inferiorly).

  1. midbrains, pons, medulla oblongata.
  2. Autonomic (automatic) nervous system.
  3. Reticular formation, responsible for consciousness or arousal. BRAINSTEM:
  4. What does the lower portion of the brainstem contain?
  5. What does the pons do?

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

  1. What does this regulate? What is this regulation called?
  2. What has this system also been called?

3) What are the two subdivisions of this system? Correct Answer 1) It adjusts

functions of the organs to keep the body in a constant state, such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, body temperature, water balance, etc. This is called homeostasis.

  1. Involuntary or automatic nervous system.
  2. Sympathetic and parasympathetic. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, Sympathetic Nervous System:
  3. What does this system do?
  4. What important thing does this system maintain? How does it do this?
  5. What chemical does this system use to cause action? What is this a close relative of?

4) What are the effects of this system sometimes called? Correct Answer 1) It

prepared the body for intense physical activity in response to stress.

  1. The blood pressure. The sympathetic system in the medulla maintains vasoconstrictor tone, which controls blood vessel diameter.
  2. Norepinephrine, closely related to epinephrine or adrenaline.
  3. Adrenergic. (adrenaline!) AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, Sympathetic Nervous System:
  4. What are the two subgroups of this system?

2) What are the two sections of the second subgroup? Correct Answer 1) Alpha

(vasoconstriction of arteries and veins) and Beta (big organs)

  1. #1- Heart, increases heart rate and strength of contractions. #2 Lung, causes bronchodilation. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
  2. What does this system do?
  3. What chemical does this system use? What are the actions of this system called?
  4. What drugs do we use that counteracts this?
  5. How does this system regulate blood press and heart rate?

5) What are these receptors called? Correct Answer 1) Creates a vegetative state,

such as slowing the heart, increased salivary secretion, and increased digestion. 2)Acetylcholine. Cholinergic.

  1. Glycopyrrolate or atropine.
  2. Receptors in the walls of the aorta, carotid artery, and ventricles of the heart response to changes in pressure and adjust the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to regulate these.
  3. Baroreceptors. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
  4. What do the anesthetic drugs utilized in OMS affect?
  5. What do barbiturates and propofol do, and what does this result in?
  6. What does ketamine do, and what does this affect?
  1. What can anticholinergic drugs do, and how does it do this? What are some

anticholinergic drugs? Correct Answer 1) They affect the vital centers in the medulla

and the pons that are associated with the autonomic nervous center.

  1. They depress the vital centers, resulting in hypotension and respiratory depression.
  2. This stimulates the vital centers and causes an increase in blood press and pulse.
  3. They can reduce secretion of saliva, by counteracting parasympathetic stimulation. Atropine or glycopyrrolate. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
  4. Why is epinephrine put into local anesthetics?
  5. How are autonomic drugs, such as epinephrine, useful in medical or anesthetic emergencies?
  6. How is epinephrine used?
  7. How is ephedrine used? How are adrenergic drugs, such as labetalol used?

5) How are adrenergic drugs such as albuterol used? Correct Answer 1) It causes

vasoconstriction, which decreases 'wash-out' of the anesthetic from the area, and helps control bleeding.

  1. They can emulate or interfere with normal autonomic functions to help manage the emergency.
  2. It is used in cardiac arrest to reestablish electrical conductivity in the heart by stimulating the adrenergic receptors.
  3. It is used in the management of hypotension. Used in the management of hypertension.
  4. To treat asthma and severe allergic attacks. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
  5. How is atropine used in bradycardia?
  6. What are the roles of the cholinergic receptors in the heart, which normally receive acetylcholine?
  7. How does atropine affect this?

4) What does this do to treat bradycardia? Correct Answer 1) It counteracts the

neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the parasympathetic receptor sites in the heart.

  1. To maintain the heart rate at a decreased heart level and keep it in check.
  2. It blocks acetylcholine, which stops the parasympathetic 'braking' action of the heart.
  3. It increases heart rate, which overcomes the bradycardia. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
  4. How much blood can the heart pump per minute?
  5. What kind of muscle is the heart made of? Why is this special?

3) What is this ability called? Correct Answer 1) 5 quarts

  1. Myocardium, it can contract on its own without stimulation by nerves.
  2. Automaticity. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- UPPER CHAMBERS:
  3. How many chambers does the heart have?
  4. What are the upper chambers?
  1. What part of the RBC is responsible for releasing the waste products, and picking up oxygen?

3) Where does blood go after it as become oxygen saturated? Correct Answer 1)

Blood arrives at the lungs to be re-oxygenated.

  1. Hemoglobin.
  2. It returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins. VESSELS AND VALVES:
  3. After the left atrium fills and contracts, where does it go next?

2) What are the final steps in blood circulation? Correct Answer 1) It passes through

the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

  1. The left ventricle contracts,closing the mitral valve and forcing the blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta. This blood goes to the body.
  2. Right atrium receives oxygen depleted blood from the body.
  3. Right atrium contracts, blood flow through tricuspid valve into right ventricle.
  4. Right ventricle contracts, blood flows through pulmonary artery to the lungs.
  5. Blood is re-oxygenated at lungs, travels through pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
  6. Left atrium contracts, blood flows through mitral valve into the left ventricle.
  7. Left ventricle contracts, forces blood through aortic valve into aorta, then to the

body. Correct Answer What are the steps of circulation?

CARDIAC ISSUES:

  1. What is back flow from a malfunctioning valve called when heard with a stethoscope?
  2. What 2 things can cause a heart murmur?

3) How do we test for these things? Correct Answer 1) Heart murmur.

  1. Valves can be damaged from a previous sickness, or from mitral valve prolapse, where the valve swings back slightly during closure.
  2. Echocardiogram. CARDIAC ISSUES:
  3. What are the numerous vessels that pierce the myocardium called? What do many heart problems result from?
  4. What is ischemia?
  5. What is angina pectoris? How is it relieved?
  6. What is a much more serious problem from poor coronary circulation?

5) What does infarction mean? Correct Answer 1) Coronary arteries and veins. From

faulty or reduced coronary circulation.

  1. When reduced oxygen supply damages heart cells, but does not cause necrosis.
  2. Chest pain, this is what results from ischemia. Nitroglycerine relives this.
  3. Myocardial infarction, aka heart attack.
  4. The death of an area of tissue because of an interrupted blood supply. ARTERIES AND VEINS:
  5. What do arteries turn into as they leave the heart? What is their final destination?

2) How do these connect back to the heart? Correct Answer 1) Arterioles, and then

capillaries. They exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other waste from the cells of the body.

  1. Capillaries connect to venules, which are the smallest veins. These turn into small veins, then larger veins, and finally into the the Superior or Inferior Vena Cava. ARTERIES AND VEINS:
  2. What are the major differences between arteries and veins?
  3. What does the layer of muscle do? Which happens during a sympathetic stimulation? What happens after the stimulation disappears?
  4. What is a lumen?

4) What is vasoconstriction and vasodilatation? Correct Answer 1) Arteries have

much thicker walls to handle press of blood flow. They are more elastic an have a muscular layer around them.

  1. It can expand and contract the artery. It contracts the arterial wall. The artery expands.
  2. It is the hollow core of the artery.
  3. Vasoconstriction is when the diameter of the artery decreases. Vasodilatation is when is increase. HEART RHYTHM: 1)When does the diastolic and systolic pressures occur?
  4. What is the stroke volume?

3)What is the cardiac output? Correct Answer 1) Diastolic occurs after the atria

contract and send blood into the ventricles. When the ventricles relax this is the diastolic pressure. Systolic occurs when the ventricles contract and send blood to the lungs. The pressure in the arteries is the systolic pressure.

  1. The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each beat.
  2. The total amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute. HEART RHYTHM:
  3. What is the cardiac cycle?
  4. What is the normal amount of beats per minute?

3) What is it called of the rate is too low, or high? Correct Answer 1) One contraction

and relaxation of the atria and ventricles, followed by a short pause.

  1. 60-100.
  2. Lower than 60 is called bradycardia. Higher than 100 is called tachycardia. HEART CONDUCTION:
  3. What controls the automaticity of the heart?
  4. What is this node called because of this ability?
  5. What happens if this node is not functioning correctly? Does this work as well?

Correct Answer 1) The sinoatrial node.

  1. The 'pacemaker'.
  2. Other 'ectopic pacemakers' can take over. No, the lower in the heart they are located, the less beats per minute they produce.
  1. The activity produced by ventricular contractions. The heart rate.
  2. Repolarization, which makes the ventricles ready to contract again.
  3. In the QRS complex. BLOOD VESSELS OF HEAD AND NECK:
  4. List the path of blood after it leaves the brachiocephalic artery on the right side of the heart.
  5. Where does blood go after leaving the brachiocephalic artery on the left side?
  6. Why are the right and left common carotid arteries important?

4) Where 2 arteries do they separate into once they reach the mandible? Correct

Answer 1) The brachiocephalic artery branches into the common carotid artery, which

goes to the right side of the neck, and the right subclavian artery, which goes into the right arm.

  1. The left common carotid artery branches directly off the artery and goes into the neck.
  2. They are the one of the best places to check a patient's pulse.
  3. The internal carotid artery, which goes into the skull, and the external carotid artery, which divides into 8 branches. EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY: Where do these branches supply? Lingual Facial Maxillary

Inferior Alveolar Correct Answer *Lingual- tongue and floor of the mouth

*Facial- behind the angle of the mandible to the first and second molars, and the external aspects of the face *Maxillary- internal aspects of the face, such as maxilla, sinuses, maxillary teeth and portions of the nose *Inferior Alveolar- the mandible and teeth, terminates at the mental artery. SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK:

  1. What vein is the first step in bringing blood back to the heart from the face? What is this divided into?

2) What are the next steps? Correct Answer 1) The facial vein. Three tributaries,

which drain blood from the face, under the nose, and the eyelids.

  1. The facial vein meets the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein. They enter the internal jugular vein. DEEP VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK:
  2. Where do the deep components of the venous system start, and what is it called?
  3. What does this network surround?

3) Where does this drain into? Correct Answer 1) Behind the maxilla, called the

pterygoid plexus.

  1. The maxillary artery.
  2. It drains into the maxillary vein, which ears to the retromandibular vein.