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a & block clement s d-block elements Position in perfoolic table : +t Last electson entegs in + 9m group to 1a" group bli g-block Gl- Subshell - and p-block 4¢ Foux ceples of transition elements : Jd series: Se to Zn 4d sevieg. Y to Cd + Geneval electronic configuration: 3? raya!” (except Pd) Sd serieg: Lq to Hg, Transition elements : 6d seviey: fle to Cn. The elements which have Preomblete A-Subshell fh giound state or a in thefy oxidation gtater ave called. Taian eI ; 5 etallic gt No- OY unbaryed Seansition elements . bonding 5 oa O-4- Cu > (Ay) 4s! ad wo Ged elec q ote: Both ns and (n- rons Cyt > (ty) ae ee ) Paxkeepate fn metallic oneling. Hence, melting point sist Faevecgex Hn, Cd, Hg and Cn have geneval |] jnen clecreases yom left to ahh jJovmula Gry ahns?. The ovbilals ih |] Note: Dip in Mn fs cue to exh these elements axe completely gilled stability of hal{- gilled, electronic in Ground state as well as in thei¥ cond iguyation . Common oxfdakion states. Thereyore , they ave not segavded as trunsition|| * Bd C4
Zeqj T > dize clecreaces - && >TI>V >& > M > Fe = Con Ni CW Zey t > IET 4¢ IE generally fncveases from deft fo vight but Pnevease [g less than S-block elements thig fs due to incsease in nucleay chaye opposed by screening eyyect Zfeor shiert 4¢ Factors responsible Jor’ the value of IE me: 1 Attraction of electrons fowords Na cleus, | & Rebulsion blw electrons - 3. Exchange energy 4 3 ionisation enthalpy ™ is highey than Fe. States , Gtises due to incomplete yilling o4 ol- oxbitels Ae avactibidity of both (-4)a § ns electsons due to less Chergy cliference- os Highest oxi Stale > Middle of the Sevtes. &g- Mn exhibits all oxidation State from +9 b t7- AE Left to tight stobilily of +2 oxidation State, increases Dhile that of highey oxidation states clecreages - tt The highest oxiclation states aye gound, tn compounds 4 luosieles| and oxides beauye {luovine cmd Oxygen ave mest electronegative elements. rvends fn m*{m standard elechode potential Misy ——> Ma) Aub? = +ve Ma) — Mg t& "ty — my te TE, = tv IE, i +Ve mo) t%4— mits, Arya tt” =-Ve My) +94 —> Mt 420° (44) TE = Asubl’ + TE, + TE, — Atyg® Note: TEL > Stability of Ot slate in aq. golution 4 Unique behaviouy of Cy , having @ positive E°value, is clue to high enewgy to trangyoom Cugy to Cu%faqy ig not balanced by its hydration enthalby. The value of E° yor Mn, Ni and Zn is More Negative han expected grom teonals is Chemfcal Yeackvily and, E°value: SRP of MPT] Mm values Fnereases {rom deft to ight a3 IP value frereases- (Except Zn) Cu Cannot liberate Hy grom acids due to highest value of §-R-P Which is +0-34V Mn, Ni and Zn have more negative Yan expectecl because My and Zn have > and a” stable electronic Congiguraiton and. Ni has highest negative hydration enthalpy . 4 The Substances which are attsactedl Magnekic proper Hes - info magnetic gielol axe calleol Pavamagnekic: + The substances Which axe xebelled info magnetic gield. ave callecl dhfamagneNe- Unpaisedl &, > Pavamagnetic No unpatseol e; > dramagnelt{c magne moment = Sntnyay Bm When Y= No- of Unpatvec electrons. tt Mt and Co8t ions ave Strongest oxidising agents fn aqueous solukons The fons Tit, v"* and Cy* are Shong seducing agents: Catalytic propeaties Frangition metals and Shel compounds Show) catalytic properties clue do 4 Ability to adept rnultiple oxiclalion States. a Ability fp gor complexes 3. Layge surface area Catalylic action of Fell) fons: Qt $0 ——s I, +£280j* Explanakion- afet + aI” —> af +1, Fogmalton of Colouyed, Compounds: Compounds ave colouxecl due to 4- d-d tuansibion & charge transyey 3. Polasisation. The teansition metal fons wilt unpaved d- electrons absovb Chavacteriste Colouxed light gsm the visible vegion and.tvansmt Pk complementary Colours in same ¥egion: Unpatved €5 > a-d crangition > Coloured Wo unpaired & => colourless 4 KMndy and Ky Cr04 With wo unpaired electrons ave colouxed due to charge Trangjey from digand.- to- metal. + Agby fs coloured clue to polarisation fet +t Gogh — fet 4 28,7 Formation of complexes : The transition metals youm large Tumbes of complexes, becouse : 1 Small size of metal ions & High fone charge 3- Availability oj Yacant d- obbilals. Fosmation of interskkal compounds - Hr Intersktal combounds are those which Gie Yormed when small atoms ike H,C wN are rappel fntide the crystal lattice. + They ave usually non - stoichiometsic Alloy Youmation Ht Alloys ave homogeneous olf solutions in Which the atoms of one metals are Aéstsibuted vandomly among He toms ol othey: 4 Alloys ave Yormed by atome with metallic vadii Shat axe within about 15 percent each othey- 4 Alloys ave havd and have often high melting point: and axe netthey typically fon nov covalont- €-4: THC, MnyN, FesH, VHo.se 4 Tithy Chayacteriskics : 4 They have high melting points highev, Shan thase of puye metals - 2 They ave very had, some aside, approach cltamond fn hardness. 3. The vetain metallic condueltvity 4 They ave chemically fest. loyides ancl oxcantons of metals FEAL the metals except Se gorm mo oxides which ave Fonic- #In oxides of 3d series orf: Numbey in the oxides Cotncfde uth fts grup Numbes: #Beyond 1" group No highey ovides, above Fe,Oz ave known: 4+ As the oxi: Numbex fnereses, fonic Chavactes decreases - t Acidic chavactey of Oxi. Wo. t+ Mindy is covalent green oil 4 C403 and Vy05 have low m-P- tn vanacllum these fs geaclual change qrom basic W203 to less basic Ve Oy Gnd to Gmphoteric Vy Ox. 4# CxO fs basic but Cio; fs Gmphoteric Potassium pexmanganate (kmndyJ : Mop: Prepayed rom pyrolusite ore (Nn. ) 1 Md, fs qusedl with an alkali mela] hydmxide and an Onidtsing agent Ike kWvO3 2Mn0y + YKOH + OQ) ——> 2kyMndy +3H20 Coreen) Q. This clark green KMndy clésproposionates fn neutral ov aciolie medium to give Peamargarak Kolihdy + Gut —> Kimoy + And, + 20 (Gieen) (Pre) Commesctal preparation : Commercially ft fs prepaveol by the alkaline oxidative gusion of MnO, Lab methol: In laboratory Mn(ir) salt fs oxidised by pesoxodisulphate to pesmanganate: QMnat + 5804" + Bo —> AMMO + 106047 + 16H! Rin on heating of Kindy - Qkimo, —BK—s ky indy + M09 + Oy Note: The queen manganate is pavamagnetic becouse af one unpalvect election , but the — peamanganate fs diamagnetic clue to absence of Unbatved. electyon- TATE action fy acidic mectum : t+ Aigo ST § SOF — Oy" NQ- —> NO,~ Tin Oy +5e° + BHt —> My" T >i, Fe2t —, Faot Oy" > CQ Oxidising action Pn neuttal oy alkaline Slut ons : +7 +y Mndy + 2Hg0t 3e- —> Mndg t 4oH- Imp: 1° fs oxtdltsed +o Iodate (127) QMnOy” + Hyd tT” —s Mnby +204 +10, Note : Since HCI Peamanganate Jfxations fn presence of HCI are unsabigjactory fs oxiclisecl to chlovine- The innes ay hee 652 Note: cele, Crd ,-yLu has Sd th EC. This fs due to ext stability of hat - Yilled anc gully: gillet electwonie confiqueation: Consequences of 1 5 Atomic and fonte size : Lanthanide contyackon: The oveyall decyease fn atomic and fonic sadit from lanthanum ko utetium és known @ Lanthanide contyackton Reason: Lanthanfole contvacton fs clue to poox shielding caused by 44 - subshell danthantole contvockon: Size of 4d transition sevies becomes almost equal to Sd vesies. €-4: The almost dential vadit of Zy and. Hy , @ consequence of danthanice contraction, account Yor thefs occusance dogethey fn natuve and, Yor the difficulty yaceol fh thely wepesaton Uses: Due to thelx alloy- Yorming tendencfes , lanthanoids form wany alloys particularly wotth don. A well noon Alley fs mRschmetall which consicte of @ lanthanof metal (957) and fron (S-) and traces S,C, Ca and Al- Wes of Mischmetal Tt fs used dm Mg - based alloy to produce bullets , chell and léghtey lent - Acknifdes:) The (4 elements ates Actinium ave callecl actnicles. ag he gett g(Pe gl gy? qt gf gm giPK Gf age ym el jl ks Geneval outermost E:C: a 4+ The feregulavtties fn electronic configuyations fs due co Slabilities of f° 4 and, 4" occupancies of Sf 0 orbitals. Toute ize: Ackinide contyactfons: The oveyall decseace fn the Slee of ackinoids giom Ac to Ly due do poor chielding Caused by 54-elechons fs known as actiniole conbyackion- Note: Acknide — contvackion fs Greatey than danthanfole contvaction because Shielding by 5{-electwons ave pooy than 4J- elechom. Oyfdakion lates: Actinfde, chow wfde sange of oxiclakon ulate, because of Combayable eneigies of SY, 6d and 7S levels # The most table oxidation state of actihfdes fs +3- Difevence between lanthanides ancl actinides: Lanthanides Actihfdes 1. Apayt from +3 oxidation State, +2 and +4 ave available fox some of the 1 Apast from +3 oxidation tate +4, 15,46 and +7 age available yoy some a the elements. elements - Q All elements ase non-wvacloactve | 9 All elements are vaclioactve- excebt Pm. 3. Lonthanfole contrackon fs les | 3. Actintdle contvackon (> move than actnfde contvacton- than lanthanfdle contvaction- 4 Orides and hydwxices are | 4 Oyides anol hydwxicles are Belatively less baste more baste. 5: Elements fave less clenstly . 5 Elements have selatively move clenily, 6 Lanthanfde, Wave lesser tendency | — Acknicles have velatvely shonger oroardls complex formation - tendency bocarcls complex qovmakion- Similasitte, bl lanthantole, anc actinicles : 4 Both are electopasikie and chowgly seclucing vin nature & Both have lable oxidation stale of +3. 3 Tong of both erie, ave colourecl due to J-4 tromsttion 4. Goth erie, Ghow a Grudual cleorage tn fonic sadit 
