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CONCEPT OF

DATA

COLLECTION BY MARJOREY T. GADOR

AGENDA Introduction

Types of data

Primary Data (sources, importance,

advantages and disadvantages)

Secondary Data

(sources,

importance,

advantages, and

disadvantages)

Methods of

Primary Data

Collection

Data collection is one of the most important stages in conducting a research. You can have the best research design in the world but if you cannot collect the required data you will be not be able to complete your project. Data collection is a very demanding job which needs thorough planning, hard work, patience, perseverance and more to be able to complete the task successfully. Data collection starts with determining what kind of data required followed by the selection of a sample from a certain population. After that, you need to use a certain instrument to collect the data from the selected sample.

TYPES OF DATA

Qualitative Data: Qualitative data are mostly non-numerical and usually descriptive or nominal in nature. This means the data collected are in the form of words and sentences. Often (not always), such data captures feelings, emotions, or subjective perceptions of something. Qualitative approaches aim to address the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of a program and tend to use unstructured methods of data collection to fully explore the topic. Qualitative questions are open-ended. Qualitative methods include focus groups, group discussions and interviews. Qualitative approaches are good for further exploring the effects and unintended consequences of a program. They are, however, expensive and time consuming to implement. Additionally the findings cannot be generalized to participants outside of the program and are only indicative of the group involved. Qualitative data collection methods play an important role in impact evaluation by providing information useful to understand the processes behind observed results and assess changes in people’s perceptions of their well-being. Furthermore qualitative methods can be used to improve the quality of survey-based quantitative evaluations by helping generate evaluation hypothesis; strengthening the design of survey questionnaires and expanding or clarifying quantitative evaluation findings.

Regardless of the kinds of data involved, data collection in a qualitative study takes a great deal of time. The researcher needs to record any potentially useful data thoroughly, accurately, and systematically, using field notes, sketches, audiotapes, photographs and other suitable means. The data collection methods must observe the ethical principles of research. The qualitative methods most commonly used in evaluation can be classified in three broad categories - In-depth interview Observation methods Document review

QUANTITATIVE DATA

Quantitative data is numerical in nature and can be mathematically computed. Quantitative data measure uses different scales, which can be classified as nominal scale, ordinal scale, interval scale and ratio scale. Often (not always), such data includes measurements of something. Quantitative approaches address the ‘what’ of the program. They use a systematic standardized approach and employ methods such as surveys and ask questions. Quantitative approaches have the advantage that they are cheaper to implement, are standardized so comparisons can be easily made and the size of the effect can usually be measured. Quantitative approaches however are limited in their capacity for the investigation and explanation of similarities and unexpected differences. It is important to note that for peer-based programs quantitative data collection approaches often prove to be difficult to implement for agencies as lack of necessary resources to ensure rigorous implementation of surveys and frequently experienced low participation and loss to follow up rates are commonly experienced factors.

There are many ways of classifying data. A common classification is based upon who collected the data. PRIMARY DATA Data that has been collected from first-hand-experience is known as primary data. Primary data has not been published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective. Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings; therefore its validity is greater than secondary data. Importance of Primary Data: In statistical surveys it is necessary to get information from primary sources and work on primary data. For example, the statistical records of female population in a country cannot be based on newspaper, magazine and other printed sources. A research can be conducted without secondary data but a research based on only secondary data is least reliable and may have biases because secondary data has already been manipulated by human beings. One of such sources is old and secondly they contain limited information as well as they can be misleading and biased.

Sources of Primary Data: Sources for primary data are limited and at times it becomes difficult to obtain data from primary source because of either scarcity of population or lack of cooperation. Following are some of the sources of primary data. Experiments: Experiments require an artificial or natural setting in which to perform logical study to collect data. Experiments are more suitable for medicine, psychological studies, nutrition and for other scientific studies. In experiments the experimenter has to keep control over the influence of any extraneous variable on the results. Survey: Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences, management, marketing and psychology to some extent. Surveys can be conducted in different methods. Questionnaire: It is the most commonly used method in survey. Questionnaires are a list of questions either open-ended or close-ended for which the respondents give answers. Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, mail, live in a public area, or in an institute, through electronic mail or through fax and other methods. Interview: Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. In interview the main problem arises when the respondent deliberately hides information otherwise it is an in depth source of information. The interviewer can not only record the statements the interviewee speaks

Disadvantages of Using Primary Data

1. The investigator has to contend with all the hassles of data collection- deciding why, what, how, when to collect; getting the data collected (personally or through others); getting funding and dealing with funding agencies; ethical considerations (consent, permissions, etc.).
2. Ensuring the data collected is of a high standard- all desired data is obtained accurately, and in the format it is required in; there is no fake/ cooked up data; unnecessary/ useless data has not been included.
3. Cost of obtaining the data is often the major expense in studies.

SECONDARY DATA

Data collected from a source that has already been published in any form is called as secondary data. The review of literature in any research is based on secondary data. It is collected by someone else for some other purpose (but being utilized by the investigator for another purpose). For examples, Census data being used to analyze the impact of education on career choice and earning. Common sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, organizational records and data collected through qualitative methodologies or qualitative research. Secondary data is essential, since it is impossible to conduct a new survey that can adequately capture past change and/or developments.

IMPORTANCE OF

SECONDARY

DATA:

Importance of Secondary Data: Secondary data can be less valid but its importance is still there. Sometimes it is difficult to obtain primary data; in these cases getting information from secondary sources is easier and possible. Sometimes primary data does not exist in such situation one has to confine the research on secondary data. Sometimes primary data is present but the respondents are not willing to reveal it in such case too secondary data can suffice. For example, if the research is on the psychology of transsexuals first it is difficult to find out transsexuals and second they may

not be willing to give information you want for your research, so you can collect data from books or other published sources. A clear benefit of using secondary data is that much of the background work needed has already been carried out. For example, literature reviews, case studies might have been carried out, published texts and statistics could have been already used elsewhere, media promotion and personal contacts have also been utilized. This wealth of background work means that secondary data generally have a pre-established degree of validity and reliability which need not be re-examined by the researcher who is re-using such data. Furthermore, secondary data can also be helpful in the research design of subsequent primary research and can provide a baseline with which the collected primary data results can be compared to. Therefore, it is always wise to begin any research activity with a review of the secondary data.

METHODS OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

In primary data collection, you collect the data yourself using qualitative and quantitative methods.

The key point here is that the data you collect is unique to you and your research and, until you

publish, no one else has access to it. There are many methods of collecting primary data.

The main methods include –

Questionnaires

Interview

Focus Group Interviews

Observation

Survey

Case-studies

Diaries

Activity Sampling Technique

Memo Motion Study

Process Analysis

Link Analysis

Time and Motion Study

Experimental Method

Statistical Method etc

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