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DATA MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS 2026
PRACTICE SOLVED CONCEPT REVIEW
โ Digital Data. Answer: Most common today. Encoded as 0s and 1s on electronic magnetic data. โ Database. Answer: A collection of data in structured format. In principle, can be stored on paper or even clay tablets. โ Database System (DBMS). Answer: Software that reads and writes in a database. โ Query. Answer: A request to retrieve or change data in a database. Typically inserts new data, retrieves data, updates, data, or deletes data from a database. โ Query Language. Answer: Specialized programming language designed specifically for database systems. Reads and writes data efficiently. โ Database Application. Answer: Software that HELPS business users interact with database systems.
โ Database Administrator. Answer: What role am I? Responsible for securing the database system against unauthorized users. They enforce procedures for user access and database system availability. โ Database Designer. Answer: What role am I? Determines the format of each data element AND the overall database STRUCTURE. Must balance priorities like including storage, response time, and support for rules that govern the data. โ Database Programmer. Answer: What role am I? Develop programs that utilize a database and write applications that combine query languages and general purpose programming language. โ Database User. Answer: What role am I? A consumer of data in a database. They request, update, or use stored data to generate reports or information.
โ Catalog/Data Dictionary/Repository. Answer: A directory of tables, columns, indexes, and other database objects. โ Relational Database. Answer: Stores data in tables, columns, and rows, SIMILAR to a spreadsheet. It also supports SQL. Made up of relations. โ NoSQL. Answer: A new generation of DBMS that is NOT based on the traditional relational database model. โ CRUD. Answer: Acronym for actions that can be performed by a query. โ SQL Statement. Answer: A database command such as a query that inserts, retrieves, updates, or deletes data. Composed of one or more clauses. โ INSERT. Answer: Inserts rows into a table. โ SELECT. Answer: Retrieves data from a table. โ UPDATE. Answer: Modifies data in a table. โ DELETE. Answer: Deletes rows from a table.
โ CREATE TABLE. Answer: Creates a new table by specifying the table and column names. โ Data Type. Answer: Indicates the TYPE of data that can be stored in a field of a column. โ Data Independence. Answer: Allows database administrators to improve query performance by changing the organization of data on storage devices, without affecting query results or changes to programs. โ Database Design. Answer: A specification of database objects such as tables, columns data types, and indexes. Also refers to the process used to develop the specifications. โ Metadata. Answer: Data ABOUT the database, such as column names and the number of rows in each table. โ Database Design - Analysis. Answer: This phase specifies database requirements without regard to a specific database system. May also be referred to as conceptual design, entity-relationship modeling, and requirements definition.
โ One-to-One. Answer: Associates only ONE record on one table with ONE record on another table. โ Data Manipulation Language (DML). Answer: What language am I? Allows users to access and modify the data to MAKE queries, and GENERATE reports. Interacting with the data. โ Data Definition Language (DDL). Answer: What language am I? Allows a database administrator to DEFINE the database structure, schema, and subschema. โ Data Control Language (DCL). Answer: What language am I? Commands that CONTROL a database. Includes administering privileges and committing data. โ MySQL Community/MySQL Server. Answer: Is a FREE EDITION. Includes a complete set of database services and tools, and is suitable for non-commercial applications such as education.
โ MySQL Enterprise. Answer: PAID EDITION for managing commercial databases. Includes MySQL Server AND additional administrative applications. โ MySQL Command-Line Client. Answer: A text interface included in the MySQL Server download. Allows developers to connect to the database server, perform administrative functions, and execute SQL statements. โ MySQL Workbench. Answer: Installed with MySQL Server AND allows developers to EXECUTE SQL commands using an editor. โ Database Model. Answer: A conceptual framework for database software containing 3 parts: Data Structures Operations Rules โ Relational Model. Answer: A database model based on mathematical principles with three parts: Data Structures Operations
โ Table. Answer: A collection of data organized as columns and rows. Has a name, a fixed sequence of columns, and a varying set of rows. โ Column. Answer: Has a name and a data type. โ Row. Answer: An unnamed sequence of values. Each value corresponds to a column and belongs to the column's data type. โ Cell. Answer: A single column of a single row. In relational databases, each contains exactly one value. โ Aggregate. Answer: Computes functions over multiple table rows, such as SUM and COUNT. โ Join. Answer: A SELECT statement that combines data from two tables (left and right), into a single result. The tables are combined by comparing columns from the left and right tables. โ Data Query Language (DQL). Answer: What language am I? Retrieves data from the database. โ Data Transaction Language (DTL). Answer: What language am I?
Manages database transactions. โ Database System Instance. Answer: A single executing copy of a database system. Personal computers usually run just one. โ DROP TABLE. Answer: This statement deletes a table, along with all the table's rows, from a database. โ Operator. Answer: A symbol that computes a value from one or more other values called operands. โ Unary. Answer: Operator that has ONE operand. โ Binary. Answer: Operator that has TWO operands. โ Condition. Answer: An expression that evaluates to a logical value. โ NULL. Answer: Special value that represents either UNKNOWN or inapplicable data. Not the same as zero. โ TRUNCATE. Answer: Deletes ALL ROWS from a table.
โ Column Constraint. Answer: Appears after the column name and data type in a CREATE TABLE statement. Govern values in a single column. โ Table Constraint. Answer: Appears in a SEPARATE clause of a CREATE TABLE statement. โ BETWEEN operator. Answer: This operator provides an alternative way to determine if a value is between two other values. โ LIKE operator. Answer: When used in a WHERE clause, this operator matches text against a pattern using the two wildcard characters "%" and "_". โ ORDER BY. Answer: This clause orders selected rows by one or more columns in ascending (alphabetical) order. โ JOIN Clause. Answer: Determines how a join query handles unmatched rows. โ INNER JOIN. Answer: Selects ONLY matching left and right table rows.
โ FULL JOIN. Answer: Selects ALL left and right table rows, regardless of match. โ LEFT JOIN. Answer: Selects all LEFT table rows, but only matching right table rows. โ RIGHT JOIN. Answer: Selects all RIGHT table rows, but only matching left table rows. โ OUTER JOIN. Answer: ANY JOIN that selects unmatched rows, including, left, right, and full joins. โ EQUIJOIN. Answer: Compares columns of two tables with the = operator. โ NON-EQUIJOIN. Answer: Compares columns with an operator OTHER THAN =, such as < and >. โ SELF-JOIN. Answer: Joins a table to ITSELF. โ CROSS-JOIN. Answer: Combines two tables WITHOUT comparing columns.
โ Glossary. Answer: Documents additional detail in text format. Also known as a data dictionary or repository. โ Cardinality. Answer: Refers to the maximum number of times INSTANCES in one entity can be related to INSTANCES in another entity. โ Modality. Answer: Refers to the MINIMUM number of times that an instance in one entity can be related to an instance in another entity. โ Indexes. Answer: Used by the storage manager to quickly locate data. โ Relational Algebra. Answer: Operations that are the theoretical foundation of SQL. โ Constraints. Answer: Implemented rules that are enforced by the database system. โ ALTER. Answer: This statement adds, deletes, or modifies columns on an existing table.
โ Truth Tables. Answer: The value of logical expressions containing NULL operands. โ Identifying Attribute. Answer: This attribute is unique, singular, and required. โ Strong Entity. Answer: This entity has one or more identifying attributes. โ Weak Entity. Answer: This entity doesn't have an identifying attribute. Usually has a relationship called an identifying relationship, to another entity, called an identifying entity. โ Tablespace. Answer: A database object that maps one or more tables to a single file. โ Data Warehouse. Answer: A separate database optimized for analytics rather than operations. โ Data Mart. Answer: This is a data warehouse designed for a specific business area likes sales, HR, or product development. โ Data Lake. Answer: An analytic database of raw, unprocessed data copied from multiple data sources.
โ Artificial Key. Answer: A single-column primary key created by the database designer when no suitable single-column or composite primary key exists. โ First Normal Form (1NF). Answer: What normal form am I? Every cell of a table contains exactly one value. Contains a primary key as well. โ Second Normal Form (2NF). Answer: What normal form am I? All non-key columns depend on the whole primary key. โ Third Normal Form (3NF). Answer: What normal form am I? All non-key columns depend on the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key. โ Functional Dependence. Answer: Dependence of one column on another. โ Candidate Key. Answer: A simple or composite column that is unique and minimal. Minimal meaning that all columns are necessary for uniqueness.
โ Boyce-Codd Normal Form. Answer: What normal form am I? A table is in this normal form if whenever column A depends on column B, then B is unique. Columns A and B may be simple or composite. โ Normalization. Answer: Eliminates redundancy by decomposing a table into two or more tables in higher normal form. โ Denormalization. Answer: Intentionally introducing redundancy by merging tables. โ Single-Level Index. Answer: What type of index am I? A file containing column values, along with pointers to rows containing the column value. โ Multi-Column Index. Answer: What type of index am I? Each index entry is a composite of values from all indexed columns. โ Dense Index. Answer: What type of index am I?
