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Week 2 Data sheet
Assimilation (Palatalization, affrication, voicing, devoicing)
total/partial, progressive/regressive, contact(immediate)/distant
Italian: total regressive assimilation
English/Latin: partial regressive combust, contest, conquest imperfect, intend, inconsiderate
English palatalization: partial regressive kinn chin
kɛːsi cheese
geldan yield gearn yarn
keaf ʧæf chaff
keːse ʧijz cheese
keːap ʧijp cheap
kiːld ʧajld child
kirike ʧɹ̩ʧ church
kiːdan ʧajd chide
keastr ʧɛstɹ̩ chester
keːosan ʧuwz choose
kuman kʌm come kandəl̩ kændl̩ candle korn koɹn corn kreːodan kɹaʊd crowd kweːn kwijn queen klaːθ klaːθ cloth kuː kaʊ cow kald kold cold klɪf klɪf cliff kleːofan klijv cleave
Total distant assimilation: IE *penkwe ‘five’ Italic *kwenkwe regressive assimilation pre-Germanic *penpe progressive assimilation ( → fenfe)
Contact assimilation: Spanish intervocalic voicing: Latin Spanish skōpa escoba ‘broom’ natāre nadar ‘swim’ amīka amiga ‘friend’
contact assimilation: Banoni intervocalic voicing and spirantization
pekas beɣasa feces
wakar baɣara root
pakan vaɣana add meat to staple
tipi tsivi traditional dance
makas maɣasa dry coconut
Final devoicing German, Polish, etc.
Vowel harmony: distant assimilation
Proto-Micronesian → Chuukese
aːwo ɒː fishline taːpwo sɒːpwo- division mwaːne mwæːn man faːle fæːn meeting house mwaːre mwæːr lei faifine feːfin woman sai teː sew masaki meteki pain aːfi æːf fire tau-tau soː-soː holder maːŋo mɒːŋ head
maŋini menin poison tasi seti salt water tau soː dead person kapi -kepi- bottom raːni ræːni- day maːta maːs eye paŋaki peŋgesi- crosswise maːi mæːj breadfruit faso fɒto- planting tapwo sɒpw be at an end
Dissimilation
English/Latin alveolar, velar, uvular, circular, regular, solar, lunar labial, dental, palatal, tonal, cerebral, vocal, floral, global, normal
Spanish encinal oak grove ( ← encino) pinal pine grove ( ← pino) frijolar bean patch ( ← frijole) tular reed stand ( ← tula) chilar chile patch ( ← chile)
Grassman’s law phephūka pephuka converted (Gr.) bhabhūva babhuva became (Sk)
ti-sthaːsa ‘stand’ di-dhiːrʂa ‘hold’ (desiderative) ja-ghása ‘eat’ bi-bhr̩ ‘bear’ bu-bhuːrʂa ‘carry’ (desiderative)
Relative chronology
Latin → French kentum → sã
kentum → cent → sent → sen → sẽ → sã
t → w? t → θ → f → v → w p → Ø? p → f → h → Ø
Grimm’s law
p → f pie pied foot padre père father por pour for
t → θ tres trois three tu tu thou
k → h (can) chien (← kan-) hound ciento cent ( ← kent-) hundred corazòn cœur heart
*b → p *d → t diente dent tooth (← tanθ) dos deux two
g → k -- genou knee grano grain corn gen kin
Skt Lat Eng
bh → b bhraːtar frater brother
nhara- fer bear dh → d dha- facere do gh → g hamsa hanser goose host guest vah veho wagon
phonetic & phonemic change mergers & splits
Proto-Kartvelian → Svan
i-gwanida i-gwænda he cried
aʃxunida aʃxynda he saw
ʒ’an-i-maːr-e ʒ’æn-maːr-e he got himself ready
ʒ’an-a-maːr-e ʒan-maːr-e he got something ready
ʒeɣw ʒoɣw to lead
muʧh^ edw muʧh^ od breast qh^ eli q h^ el cheese
ʤarɣvi ʤærɣw muscle
qamiʃ qæmiʃ pig (gen. sg.)
an-xw-i-tii æ-xw-i-t I mowed it for myself
ad-i-ʃixen æt-ʃixan you burned
recall Proto-Micronesian → Chuukese
Proto-slavic → Russian
greblʊ gr j^ op rowed
metlʊ mj^ ol swept
nesʊ nj^ os carried
pɪsʊ pj^ os dog
vedlʊ vj^ ol lead
domʊ dom house
grobʊ grop grave
nosʊ nos nose
rodʊ rot gender
volʊ vol bull
dɪnɪ dj^ enj^ day
konɪ konj^ horse
vɪsɪ vj^ es j^ all
