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DATABASE management systems (DBMS) beginner level concepts, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Computer science

Computer science

Hey, DBMS is software used to create, manage, store, organize and retrieve data. Database in SQL is a high demand course. I have uploaded all the beginner level Database concepts in the document.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2025/2026

Available from 01/23/2026

deepika-43
deepika-43 🇮🇳

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database management system
SET - 1
Introduction to Database and System Architecture:
Database Systems and their Applications, Database Vs File System,
View of Data, Data Models, Database Languages DDL and DML,
Transaction Management, Database users and Administrators,
Database System Structure.
Introduction to Database Design:
ER Diagrams, Entities, Attributes and Entity sets, Relationships and
Relationship set, Extended ER Features, Conceptual Design with the
ER Model, Logical database Design
Easy topics
1. What is a database?
2. Define DBMS.
3. List any two advantages of using a DBMS.
4. Differentiate between Data and Information.
5. What is meant by “View of Data”?
6. Define Data Model.
7. What is a schema?
8. Define DDL with an example.
9. Define DML with an example.
10. What is a transaction?
11. What is a database user?
12. Define DBA (Database Administrator).
13. What is a data dictionary?
14. What is an entity?
15. Define attribute with an example.
16. What is a relationship set?
17. Define ER diagram.
18. What is a weak entity?
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database management system

SET - 1

Introduction to Database and System Architecture: Database Systems and their Applications, Database Vs File System, View of Data, Data Models, Database Languages DDL and DML, Transaction Management, Database users and Administrators, Database System Structure. Introduction to Database Design: ER Diagrams, Entities, Attributes and Entity sets, Relationships and Relationship set, Extended ER Features, Conceptual Design with the ER Model, Logical database Design Easy topics

  1. What is a database?
  2. Define DBMS.
  3. List any two advantages of using a DBMS.
  4. Differentiate between Data and Information.
  5. What is meant by “View of Data”?
  6. Define Data Model.
  7. What is a schema?
  8. Define DDL with an example.
  9. Define DML with an example.
  10. What is a transaction?
  11. What is a database user?
  12. Define DBA (Database Administrator).
  13. What is a data dictionary?
  14. What is an entity?
  15. Define attribute with an example.
  16. What is a relationship set?
  17. Define ER diagram.
  18. What is a weak entity?
  1. Define specialization and generalization.
  2. What is conceptual design? Hard topics
  3. Explain the differences between a file system and a database system with examples.
  4. Discuss database applications in various domains (banking, airlines, universities, etc.).
  5. Describe the three-level architecture of a DBMS (physical, logical, view levels).
  6. Explain the types of data models (Hierarchical, Network, Relational, Object-based).
  7. Write short notes on DDL and DML with examples.
  8. Explain transaction management and properties of transactions (ACID).
  9. Describe the roles and responsibilities of a DBA.
  10. Explain the database system structure with a neat block diagram.
  11. With an example, describe entities, attributes, and entity sets.
  12. Explain the different types of relationships in an ER model (1:1, 1:M, M:N).
  13. Describe Extended ER features: specialization, generalization, aggregation.
  14. Explain the steps involved in conceptual design using the ER model.
  15. Discuss the process of logical database design.
  16. Describe relationship types and participation constraints.
  17. Explain keys in ER modelling (primary key, candidate key, composite key). SET - 2 SQL Queries and Constraints: SQL Data Definition, Types of SQL Commands, Form of Basic SQL Query, SQL Operators, Set Operators, Aggregate Operators, NULL values, Functions, Integrity Constraints Over Relations, Joins, Nested Queries, Introduction to Views, Destroying/Altering Tables and Views, PL/SQL Functions and Stored procedures, Cursors, Triggers and Active Databases
  1. Explain aggregate functions and grouping (GROUP BY, HAVING) with examples.
  2. Describe the handling of NULL values in SQL with examples.
  3. Explain the different types of integrity constraints (PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL, CHECK).
  4. What are joins? Explain INNER, LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER, and FULL OUTER joins with examples.
  5. Write a short note on nested queries (single-row and multi-row subqueries).
  6. Explain views: creation, modification, and deletion with SQL commands.
  7. Describe how to alter and drop tables using SQL.
  8. Explain PL/SQL functions and stored procedures with syntax and an example.
  9. What are cursors in PL/SQL? Explain implicit and explicit cursors.
  10. Explain BEFORE and AFTER triggers with examples.
  11. Describe the concept of an active database and give examples of active rules (ECA model – Event, Condition, Action). SET - 3 Relational Model: Introduction to Relational Model, Basic Structure, Database Schema, Keys, Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus. Schema Refinement and Normal Forms: Introduction to Schema Refinement, Functional Dependencies, Reasoning about FD Normal Forms and Normalization: INF,2NF,3NF, BCNF,4NF,5NF, Properties of Decomposition Easy topics
  12. What is the relational model?
  13. Define relation and attribute.
  14. What is a database schema?
  15. Define domain in a relation.
  16. What is a primary key?
  17. Define candidate key with an example.
  18. What is a foreign key?
  1. Define super key.
  2. What is relational algebra?
  3. List any two basic relational algebra operations.
  4. What is selection operation?
  5. Define projection operation.
  6. What is relational calculus?
  7. Define functional dependency (FD).
  8. What is a trivial functional dependency?
  9. Define normalization.
  10. What is 1NF?
  11. What is partial dependency?
  12. Define BCNF.
  13. What is lossless decomposition? Hard topics
  14. Explain the basic structure of the relational model with an example.
  15. Describe different types of keys (primary, candidate, super, foreign) with examples.
  16. Write short notes on relational algebra operations: selection, projection, and join.
  17. Differentiate between relational algebra and relational calculus.
  18. Explain functional dependencies with suitable examples.
  19. Describe Armstrong’s axioms for inferring functional dependencies.
  20. Explain the steps involved in schema refinement.
  21. Define 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF with examples.
  22. Explain Boyce–Codd Normal Form (BCNF) with an example.
  23. Differentiate between 3NF and BCNF.
  24. Describe 4NF and 5NF with examples.
  25. Explain the concept of multivalued dependencies.
  26. Discuss the properties of decomposition (lossless join and dependency preservation).
  1. Explain the different states of a transaction with a neat diagram.
  2. Describe the ACID properties in detail.
  3. Explain the need for atomicity and how it is implemented.
  4. Discuss how durability is ensured in DBMS.
  5. Explain concurrent executions and their advantages.
  6. Differentiate between serial and non-serial schedules.
  7. Explain conflict serializability with a suitable example.
  8. Explain view serializability with an example.
  9. Discuss recoverable and irrecoverable schedules with examples.
  10. What is cascading abort? Explain with an example.
  11. Explain the implementation of isolation using locking mechanisms (high-level explanation).
  12. Describe testing for serializability using precedence graphs.
  13. Explain write-write, read-write, and write-read conflicts.
  14. Discuss the problems that arise due to concurrent execution of transactions.
  15. Explain the importance of ensuring consistency during transaction execution. SET - 5 Concurrency Control: Lock based Protocols, Timestamp based protocols, Recovery System: Recovery and Atomicity, Log based recovery, Shadow Paging, Recovery with concurrent Transactions, Buffer Management. Storage and Indexing: File Organizations and Indexing-Overview of Indexes, Types of Indexes, Index Data Structures, Tree structured Indexing, Hash based Indexing. Easy topics
  16. What is concurrency control?
  17. Define lock in DBMS.
  18. What is a shared lock?
  19. What is an exclusive lock?
  20. Define two-phase locking (2PL).
  21. What is a timestamp?
  1. Define timestamp ordering protocol.
  2. What is cascading abort?
  3. Define recovery in DBMS.
  4. What is a log record?
  5. Define shadow paging.
  6. What is buffer management?
  7. What is a file organization?
  8. Define an index.
  9. What is a primary index?
  10. What is a secondary index?
  11. Define B+ tree indexing.
  12. What is hash-based indexing?
  13. What is a clustered index?
  14. What is an unclustered index? Hard topics
  15. Explain lock-based protocols and their types.
  16. Describe the two-phase locking (2PL) protocol and its importance.
  17. Explain timestamp-based concurrency control with an example.
  18. Compare lock-based and timestamp-based protocols.
  19. Explain recovery and atomicity in DBMS.
  20. Describe the log-based recovery mechanism with examples (UNDO/REDO).
  21. What is shadow paging? Explain its working.
  22. Explain recovery in presence of concurrent transactions.
  23. Describe the role of buffer management in transaction processing.
  24. Explain different types of file organizations (Heap, Sequential, Hash).
  25. Write short notes on primary, secondary, and clustered indexes.
  26. Explain the structure and features of B+ tree indexing.
  27. Describe hash-based indexing and its advantages.