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Ocean Floor: Features and Sedimentation, Slides of Earth Sciences

Aligarh Muslim UniversityEarth Sciences

An overview of various features of the ocean floor, including deep ocean basins, abyssal plains, ocean trenches, ocean ridges, fractures, ocean features, seamounts, guyots, and deep-sea sedimentation. It covers topics such as the depth and characteristics of these features, their geological processes, and the types of sediments found on the ocean floor.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 07/23/2013

ramchandra
ramchandra 🇮🇳

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The Ocean Floor 19
Deep Ocean Basins
•General Data
–Average 3.8 km deep
•This is below the ~100 meter depth to which
sunlight generally penetrates
•Ocean floor is completely dark
–Temperature just a bit above 0° C
–Pressures vary from 200 to over1000
atmospheres
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The Ocean Floor 19

Deep Ocean Basins

  • General Data
    • Average 3.8 km deep
      • This is below the ~100 meter depth to which sunlight generally penetrates
      • Ocean floor is completely dark
    • Temperature just a bit above 0° C
    • Pressures vary from 200 to over atmospheres

The Ocean Floor 20

Abyssal Plains

  • Flattest, most featureless areas on Earth
    • Generally flat
    • Interrupted by peaks more than 1 km high
  • Covered by fine-grained sediment
    • Derived from the continents
    • Deposited by turbidity currents
    • Because sediment transport is interrupted by trenches in the Pacific, abyssal plains fail to develop

The Ocean Floor 22

Ocean Ridges

  • Part of globe-encircling ocean ridge system
  • Ridges are a few thousand kilometers wide and rise a couple of kilometers above the adjacent ocean floor
  • Many have a central rift 1-2 km deep and several kilometers wide
  • Places where new oceanic crust is added and seafloor spreading occurs

The Ocean Floor 23

Fractures

  • Ridges appear to be offset on major fracture zones (we know that the ridge segments were not ever connected)
  • Earthquakes occur on the fracture zone between ridge segments
  • These fractures are actually one kind of transform fault

The Ocean Floor 25

The

Wilson

Cycle

Monroe, James S., &Wicander, Reed, 2001, Physical Geology: Exploringthe Earth , 4 th (^) Edition, Brooks/Cole.

The Ocean Floor 26

Seamounts, Guyots, Aseismc Ridges

  • Seamounts—Extinct volcanoes on the seafloor
  • Guyots—Former volcanoes
    • After the volcano went extinct waves eroded the top
    • Subsidence of the plate carrying the volcano dropped the eroded top below sea level
  • Aseismic Ridges—any ridge in the ocean floor not associated with earthquakes