Definite Integration, Lecture notes of Mathematics

Definite integration calculates the exact area under a curve between two specified limits, known as the lower limit (\(a\)) and the upper limit (\(b\)), denoted as \(\int _{a}^{b}f(x)dx\). It represents the accumulated value of a function over a fixed interval, and its value is found by evaluating the antiderivative at the upper limit and subtracting the value at the lower limit. Applications include finding areas, arc lengths, volumes, and total change from a rate of change in physics and engineering. .rPeykc.rWIipd{font-size:var(--m3t5);font-weight:500;line-height:var(--m3t6);margin:20px 0 10px 0}.f5cPye ul{font-size:var(--m3t7);line-height:var(--m3t8);margin:10px 0 20px 0;padding-inline-start:24px}.f5cPye .WaaZC:first-of-type ul:first-child{margin-top:0}.f5cPye ul.qh1nvc{font-size:var(--m3t7);line-height:var(--m3t8)}.f5cPye

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2025/2026

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TED. tan cxf ) aT Salution : T [ daoc2n dy + r Casina} dx at dy + (Ody id 2 a mye : ail Bud > a osx dx= f esx | dx +m -dy + “ —2dx ; J 72 d Wie —_] ° Q +&- ls "F Neosx] de a “7 lol de : ]} 0 } *) ich anf Jb a @,, = GQ), =2: On S| | Tl St ale NS é {a St a 4 | | / ty one [fs = P77 sl [Peco de = i! f feo de, if “$Q@od= £00 | pe) en a Se Q ee _ on O if f Qa-x) =—FG0 Yoperty Lf, sina de = f log, cosa. dX = “8 log 2 | og 3 Derivation i {eq sin x dx. —-® i rule he aw log sin (10-2) dx. Tue J tg. sin 2x de i maw iw n= se => 2dx= dk | Ta= = Ahen += je Hx=0 then £=0 hiking & and @ - ha bg, sink ak 21- ft Coy. dine log, oox dx Ta= f lg, cin x de di ‘E j :|(Qhi= f lege Coin, coe.) dy 2 ez} log, tw dt x 4 “e MMe ‘a sin 2m \ du. oll 21= i loa. no 2—6 . or 21=1- 21 = fe ] ib &, log, Coelpew) de ps Adding Onl @,_ 21: f Clog Gea log Grose) dy log, CA-cs x) dy —9 ane * log, [C4-cos) Cras] dx S Pot Oet54 2x2 yg King’s vule 6 -_ z4 = ly Gos Gedy: 22= @) ly diitblig af logesinad “ i. ; te ‘loge Grex —@ 912 0 5.2) |= —Tw (9.2 _ as re 1m sink dea mek Ae ss TE x= 0 then sink = no sie ie) Tye Ahen_s s1—>h.% — fi : ae — ___a-* Py gest =F ly2 es : _ 5 + 40] | @ f Fades f EGre) de 08 f $6 da = é f#G5 be | 6 bre t be = = =i i. : ana -f £ Gee) dx : 7a = +} Eh Property it] [re £0) is periodic funchion uith fundamental pariod T=>£G+enD = ea) (i) { ‘ £60 de =n. f FG) de =A - is} 3T : Derivation: | c fadx = “¢ fc) de + + foddy s [ £60dy 4 + T £00 dy D — a = Sri t food = “p Landy sf £67) de + ‘t SCT) dy at “f£GsGer l Q o rey ; £G) dx = “p fedde ‘ £60 deg a “f 6) =ln't fod | J ous 5 rn «i a i fey dn = Gren) “f fed de [ar Fda = Pe Cunt) dy = comand f $60 de ——————_ mrt _ o. ° a os —_ — —— | am SSS Se 17] mi fain = nf fod de : Derivation J “h fo0 dx = wf fea de 7 — Q {G0 dx + (| FO) dx Oo. -f foo dx + *t foddx's of LOddx © a. 2 TICE it ——— wo aS. Solutions f = don wa don - T ca T= 100 Ganattan 2 mus ; - caren han Int wat ton ox ) de J sapkan 402) de £00) = tn x + ton 2x4 ton 3x +...4 ban 40% £60) = ton nhan 2a -.-+ kan 10% wr _, 2 7 “e pce = ; = a to [Grade FG) Lom#= ) © om TT... = peas T=t Ie 5. sie: wey Slukien:|| Chat a +5) dx > 24 xh tp fag sSa \+{tonaa® so 3 a 2 z Fs v1 Tes f Clazal +5) dx *t Cheals 5) dur 24 - ‘oe 40 as J tat chats hy 24 30 Oo a = 0 a - w®& T= locales Jae Geos Sayed ooe Ay (20-20-2450 ; Z As Gay 2) - Cased) 2 “ 2 aa fogs) -G ~ane Sn ) >24 XE es) fo) oO 4 fot assa\.((f aS a+ Na we ) : ra a vss)-(gtss) ea L Ca | | ling 14 Re, ye ce | N—> 00 G ) c = [ocrmf [2] / ee i aa | | Eien ation of Definite “Thtearation | ce8) < $@ < hd 1 yaad = * EGde < { hoods i _ a! os ® | m< f@< (2 de De (2% dx y) , 2 - ICE jo. ™% ™y, i __ Slution: ||Ty = fos Ginn) de bs fain: Cesex. ce es | een dy ty gs P 0 TN TE %>0 Rava sinner: % @s-Ginx) > @s% : f cos Ginx) “dx o> Teak LEA Sai uk Sunni of Series dee “li ce Gis fe (et £ = f fO0 d= lim bh Ya S £ Cath) ) J > @ a T=9 J tahere Lnh= b-a «|| 1 no, ho [rcemf os | f ae fo fe _Gouckion: * [2] 05) a t= (({4] poe live (/ | a es lide dan tf lat PhS a a OSS | = -4 S40 2 . 2 267 a stenet T= (C105) dna Mf Cros) de é A os -,) al T= -05 (o- (-©), os CE-0) | Te -0' = bw (C=) =|0 ACE 38. | - 1 aut = =: ba & —— = Solution: [= du=a_- | |g, % dot t Tz -f leg 2 du | ed) er yn + 2 z= 8 o a =z, = Sot log = =f poe eee T= 2 geet dt = 2 [2 -* dx dot = “ok e* “ak, T= ( xQxe*) du a6. TE x=e fren gcentet, 4 Yo Te x=e han e pies 4ethe Je Cre” 4, ~ Ler de T= Je e-a CE 26- Solwkion: \im ae + Gn) | ho nh Wt tin mz pete One ne On") lim rae 2\ (4 Vs - ae a Ca} poe Bs A Xv] \im 4. S ant \ Ss nen et Con reer we © then t-> 4 pen L [recene] foe [ 77 © |! Wall's Ebrroula. be © ‘ep sinh de 7 Was doe = (i. DGD (ns)... 1 @2 \ k od po baghios \. Gy) (Ch) (4)... 1@2) § Kei if nis odd t HEN ae 3 Zit hjeleen? @) “ec Sin_ ne dee me" esin dt = Cha mt) Crem. 8)... 4 @2 od JZ z Ch Gr2)Gn-4)... 2 | an eee GuCieed)Gn-8)).. 3k. suit ty’ and fh” are even NEN MEN ke 4 if -otheruise x er