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DEP 2002 - CHILD DEVELOPMENT FINAL MODULE 1- 9
Beyond learning of potential disorders that may be passed on to children, ___________ may also be used to identify future disorders for an individual. An example would be identification of the flawed gene for Huntington's disease. - Answers :genetic counseling Bita and Behruz have brown eyes. Their son, Kamran, received the genetic information for eye color from both of his parents and therefore has brown eyes. This outwardly observable genetic trait is known as a person's - Answers :phenotype. Scarr has identified ways in which genes impact the environment. Which of the following examples best illustrates this point? - Answers :Height, which is genetically determined, leads children to pursue interests associated with their height. Samantha and Thomas share the exact same birthday and were born to the same mother and father. These twins share many of the same interests yet they are of different genders. Samantha and Thomas are ___________ twins. - Answers :dizygotic As developmental research accumulates, it is becoming increasingly clear that when thinking about the interaction between heredity and environment, behavior is most likely the result of - Answers :interaction between heredity and environment. A physician places a man's sperm directly into a woman's vagina. This method of fertilization is known as - Answers :artificial insemination. A disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that results in underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts is known as ___________ syndrome. - Answers :Klinefelter's Psychological disorders have been linked in part to genetic factors. If one monozygotic twin is schizophrenic the other twin ____. - Answers :has an increased chance of also being schizophrenic Sasha has blue eyes and Hans has gray eyes. Their son, Antonio, received the genetic information for eye color from both of his parents, even though you cannot determine Antonio's actual genetic makeup from the color of his eyes. Antonio's actual genetic information is known as his - Answers :genotype The Browns have each inherited a form of cancer from their ancestors. Prior to starting their own family they have been referred for ___________, a discipline that focuses on inherited disorders, to find out the odds that they will pass on cancer to their offspring. individual counseling - Answers :genetic counseling The prenatal period that takes place during the first two weeks following conception is known as the ___________ stage. - Answers :germinal
Long before Kaita Castro was born, she was able to soothe herself in utero by sucking on her thumb. Once Kaita was born, she utilized the sucking reflex along with the ___________ reflex to nurse. - Answers :swallowing Mrs. Park always caressed her daughter's forehead whenever she nursed her. Soon her daughter made sucking noises whenever anyone stroked her forehead. This illustrates - Answers :classical conditioning. As an infant, Cheri could distinguish different colors such as the difference between red, green, yellow, and blue, even though she didn't know the names of the colors. Her two favorite colors were probably - Answers :blue and green. Mazi came into the world with a robust cry. He would score a ___________ on the Apgar scale for respiration. - Answers :two Aaron loved to tease his best friend Sam. Aaron would say, "I bet I can make you blink at the sound of your name." When Aaron clapped his hands, Sam would blink. But now, Aaron clapped his hands just before calling out "Sam!" Eventually, Sam discovered that whenever anyone called his name loudly he would blink. This illustrates - Answers :classical conditioning. The routine use of ___________, devices that measure the baby's heartbeat during labor, is associated with an increase in the rate of Cesarean deliveries. - Answers :fetal monitors Today, the average hospital stay following normal birth is __________ hours. - Answers : At birth, a newborn is a called a(n) ___________. - Answers :neonate During the second stage of labor, Carla's obstetrician performed an ___________ in order to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass. - Answers :episiotomy It is recommended that all newborns be screened for 29 disorders. These disorders can be detected by ___________. - Answers :iny quantity of blood drawn from an infant's heel Self-hypnosis which is meant to produce a sense of peace and calm through focused concentration during delivery is known as__________________. - Answers :hypnobirthing Eight-month-old Landon loves to hear himself talk. He babbles "ma ma ma ma" over and over. Soon he found that whenever he made the sounds "ma ma ma," his mother would come and give him lots of positive attention. Landon soon began to associate the
Sara has blond hair and Ishmael has black hair. Their daughter, Susan, received genetic information for hair color from both parents. However, outwardly Susan resembles her father in that they both have black hair. Black hair is an example of a ___________ trait. - Answers :dominant The period that begins at about eight weeks after conception and continues until birth is known as the ___________ stage. - Answers :fetal Dr. Driscoll conducts a test to determine whether empathy is best explained by nature or nurture. She compares empathic responding by monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, and twins of both types reared apart, and their siblings (adoptive and biological). Her findings demonstrate that children who are raised in the same home are more similar in empathic expression than children who share genetic material. What might she conclude? - Answers :Empathic responding is largely the result of nurture or environmental influences. The interaction of factors, or ___________ transmission, is the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed. - Answers :multifactorial In Mendel's original pea plant experiment, the offspring plants received genetic information from both the green- and yellow-seeded parents. However, only the color yellow was outwardly expressed in the offspring plants. The color green would be considered a ___________ trait. - Answers :recessive In Mendel's original pea plant experiment, the offspring plants received genetic information from both the green- and yellow-seeded parents. However, only the color yellow was outwardly expressed in the offspring plants. The color yellow would be considered the offspring plant's - Answers :phenotype All genes are composed of specific sequences of ___________ molecules. - Answers :DNA A disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child, is known as - Answers :fetal alcohol syndrome. Twins produced when a cluster of cells splits off of one ovum within 2 weeks after fertilization are called ___________ twins. - Answers :monozygotic Mongolism, now known as ___________ syndrome, is a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. - Answers :Down In ___________, an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. - Answers :classical conditioning
The single best predictor of preterm infant survival is the infant's - Answers :weight Whenever Taraneh gently stroked her newborn daughter's cheek, the baby would turn in that direction as if she were searching for food. This is known as the ___________ reflex. - Answers :rooting About 266 days after conception, a protein called ___________ triggers the release of hormones and the process that leads to birth. - Answers :corticotropin-releasing hormone Tina is 14 years old and having her first child and has a higher likelihood of a premature delivery because - Answers :she has an immature reproductive system. Six-month-old Natalia crawled to the edge of a pool and fell in. Her mother found her lying face down in the water, paddling and kicking. Her mother immediately pulled Natalia out of the pool. This is an example of the ___________ reflex. - Answers :swimming The ___________ principle is the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills. - Answers :hierarchical integration Nakisha is a baby from the United States who is not able to be breastfed by her mother, lives below the poverty level, and is now deficient in protein and calories. She has stopped growing and is exhibiting features of the disease ___________, which, if not treated, will ultimately lead to early death. - Answers :marasmus As we age, the total amount of time we sleep ___________, and the proportion of REM sleep ___________. - Answers :decreases; increases If a baby's experiences do not stimulate certain nerve connections, those connections are eliminated-a process called - Answers :synaptic pruning. Dynamic systems theory proposes that crawling is a result of - Answers :coordination among muscles, perception, cognition, and motivation. Initially infants are only able to bat at objects; they then learn to grasp them utilizing their whole hand. Later, infants are able to pick up small objects with just their index finger and thumb. This illustrates the ___________ principle. - Answers :hierarchical integration The basic nerve cells of the nervous system are called - Answers :neurons.
Eleven-month-old Esteban loves to pick up Cheerios, peas, and beans with just his thumb and index finger. This method of picking up objects is known as the ___________ grasp. - Answers :pincer The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming is known as - Answers :rapid eye movement. When 10-month-old Mary Kate was placed on the floor with a pile of toys, she would actively push toys out of her way in an effort to reach her partially covered favorite toy telephone. According to Piaget, Mary Kate is demonstrating - Answers :goal-directed behavior. Thirteen-month-old Clara uses the word "babydoll" to refer to only her doll, and not to other dolls. Clara is making a(n) ____________ error. - Answers :underextension Primary circular reactions are activities that focus on ____________ while secondary circular reactions involve actions relating to ____________. - Answers :the infant's own body; the world outside As a baby, Simone was able to recognize by sight a screwdriver that she had previously only touched but had not seen. This ability is referred to as - Answers :cross-modal transference According to the information-processing approach, ____________ refers to the maintenance of material saved in memory. - Answers :storage With the attainment of the cognitive skill of ____________, children are able to imitate people and scenes they have witnessed in the past. - Answers :deferred imitation According to Piaget, ____________ is an activity that permits the constructions of cognitive schemes through the repetition of a changed motor event. - Answers :circular reaction Three-week-old Alex will suck on anything that touches his lips whether it was his hand, his father's back, a cloth diaper, or a toy. This indiscriminate sucking is an example of a
- Answers :simple reflex. ____________ reactions are schemes regarding repeated actions that bring about a desirable consequence. - Answers :Secondary circular The memory and recognition of stimuli that has been previously seen is known as - Answers :visual-recognition memory. Memory experiments have shown that even after two training sessions infants remember the association between ____________ for up to a week later. - Answers :kicking and moving a mobile.
_____________ are the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences. - Answers :Semantics The first time Aiesha saw a flying squirrel, she called it a bird. Aiesha is ____________ the squirrel to her existing scheme of bird. - Answers :assimilating Marcus has just moved to a new town and now must learn a new telephone number. He finds that the first three digits are the ages of his sisters and the remaining four numbers coincide with Columbus's voyage to America. According to the information-processing approach, Marcus is ____________ his telephone number in a form that can be later remembered. - Answers :encoding A ____________ is an internal image of a past event or object. - Answers :mental representation Sixteen-year-old Amber has just completed a drivers' education course. She often comments to friends that at first driving required her undivided attention, but with a little practice she often finds that she has driven home without being aware of stopping for traffic lights or stop signs. According to the information-processing approach, driving has become ____________ for Amber. - Answers :automatic Habituation tests are good predictors of later intellectual performance because they seem to measure - Answers :speed of learning. Much to the consternation of 15-month-old Sara's mom, Sara constantly calls out "Daddy" to any man she sees. Sara is making a(n) ____________ error. - Answers :overextension Piaget's stage theory is composed of a series of four universal stages that occur in a fixed order from birth through adolescence and are, in chronological order, - Answers :sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational; and formal operational. To date, in infancy, the best predictor of later intelligence is - Answers :habituation tests. According to Piaget, in the ____________ substage, infants will push one toy out of the way to reach a partially hidden toy underneath. - Answers :tertiary circular reaction The Bayley Scales of Infant Development is composed of two scales. The ____________ scale focuses on the senses, perception, memory, learning, problem solving, and language, while the ____________ scale evaluates fine and gross motor skills. - Answers :mental; motor An overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains-motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social-is called - Answers :a developmental quotient.
Twelve-month-old Madeline frequently crawls off in search of toys, only to return briefly to share her newfound toys with her mother. Madeline is using her mother as a - Answers :secure base. It is important for infants to learn social referencing because it teaches - Answers :them that others' behavior has meaning with reference to specific circumstances. Babies that are generally positive, showing curiosity about new situations, and whose emotions are moderate or low in intensity are considered to be ___________ babies. - Answers :easy Babies who are inactive, who show relatively calm reactions to their environment, whose moods are generally negative, and who withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly, are called ___________ babies. - Answers :slow-to-warm Research suggests that mothers and fathers play differently with their children. Mothers tend to play ___________, whereas fathers tend to play ___________. - Answers :games with more verbal elements; rough-and-tumble activities An emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person is called - Answers :empathy. Knowledge of oneself is called - Answers :self-awareness. Babies who have negative moods, are slow to adapt to new situations, and tend to withdraw when confronted with new situations are called ___________ babies. - Answers :difficult A style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother, and after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior is called - Answers :avoidant attachment pattern. Twelve-month-old Zachary is learning to walk. Each time he topples over, he looks to see his mother's reaction. If her expression is one of alarm, he cries, and if her expression is one of happiness, he smiles. Zachary's search for information about his mother's feeling is known as social - Answers :referencing. A style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers, show great distress when the mother leaves, and upon her return possibly simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her is called - Answers :ambivalent attachment pattern. A process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants, is called - Answers :reciprocal socialization.
Two-year-old Chandler loves to play tricks on his mother. He will put his hands over his dinner plate and say, "I finished my dinner. It's time for ice cream." Chandler's ability to use deception demonstrates that he is - Answers :aware that others hold beliefs about the world-beliefs that can be manipulated. Eighteen-month-old Chris has come to realize that he can ask his father to play hide and seek with him. Chris's capacity to understand that others operate independently while at the same time having the ability to meet his needs is known as - Answers :compliant agents. The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual is called - Answers :attachment. Basic facial expressions are ___________ across cultures. - Answers :similar Which child would most likely display the highest degree of stranger anxiety? - Answers :a child that spends most of her time with just her mother Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called - Answers :temperament. Freud felt that attachment was based on a caregiver meeting the ___________ needs of the child. - Answers :physiological The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs is called - Answers :separation anxiety. According to Erikson, toddlers who are allowed the freedom to explore within safe boundaries develop a feeling of - Answers :autonomy. Knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior is called theory of - Answers :mind. Mothers of securely attached infants respond in which of the following ways? - Answers :They are responsive and warm. By 18 months, babies' social smiles are evoked most often by the sight of - Answers :mothers. In an attachment study conducted by Harlow, monkeys in distress preferred the ___________ monkey even though the other monkey fed them. - Answers :terry cloth Konrad Lorenz found that goslings whose eggs were raised in an incubator and who viewed him just after hatching would follow his every movement, as if he were their mother. This behavior is called - Answers :imprinting.
Lead poisoning can be acquired in all of the following ways except for - Answers :living in a rural environment. Resilient school-age children have which of the following attributes - Answers :good communication skills. Between 1 to 2 years of age, there is an increased level of brain activity. This spurt in brain electrical activity is likely due to ___________ development. - Answers :language An excessive production of white blood cells that leads to severe anemia, and potentially to death, is called - Answers :leukemia. Trevor is almost 36 inches tall and weighs between 25 to 30 pounds; he is probably ___________ years old. - Answers : Most children develop handedness by age - Answers : In the preschool years, the bodies of children vary not only in height and weight, but also in - Answers :shape. Fine motor skills encompass which of the following activities? - Answers :tying one's shoelaces The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that toilet training should be put off until the child shows signs of readiness. Which of the following is one sign of readiness? - Answers :staying dry for two-hour periods during the day For the majority of individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain concentrates on tasks that necessitate - Answers :verbal competence. The ___________ grow(s) at a faster rate than any other part of the body. - Answers :brain Before the age of 10, children are ___________ times more likely to die from an accidental injury than from an illness. - Answers :two As many as ___________ percent of preschool age children have difficulty getting to and staying asleep. - Answers :20 to 30 Males tend to show greater lateralization of language in the - Answers :left hemisphere. On average, during the preschool years, boys start becoming ___________ and ___________ than girls. - Answers :taller; heavier Preschoolers' rate of growth is slower than it has ever been; as a result, they need ___________ food to maintain their growth. - Answers :less
The ___________ hemisphere of the brain concentrates on tasks that necessitate verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning. - Answers :left Children with ___________ are often shunned even though there is virtually no risk of spreading the disease through everyday contact. - Answers :AIDS Advances in cognitive development and the rapid increase in the weight of the brain may both result, in part, from greater ___________. - Answers :myelination Each of the two hemispheres also begins to process information in a slightly different manner. Whereas the ___________ hemisphere considers information sequentially, one piece of data at a time, the ___________ hemisphere processes information in a more global manner, reflecting on it as a whole. - Answers :left; right One explanation for differences in language processing based on gender suggests that the brain may be structured differently in boys and girls. This would suggest that gender differences in brain lateralization are the result of ___________ factors. - Answers :heredity Henry weighs about 46 pounds and stands 46 inches tall. Henry is about __________ years old. - Answers : The ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage is called - Answers :resilience. Patrick has lost his chubby baby look. His stomach is flat and the size of his head in relation to his body has become more adult-like. Patrick is a(n) - Answers :late preschooler. According to Piaget, the preoperational stage lasts from ages ___________ during which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases. - Answers :2 to 7 The process in which one state is changed into another is called - Answers :transformation. ___________ is speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person. - Answers :Social speech Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is known as - Answers :egocentrism. By age 6 the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words. - Answers :14,
Four-year-old Sarah was excitedly telling her best friend Dori about her visit to the dentist. In the middle of the conversation, Dori piped out with, "You know what, I'm going to have face painting at my birthday party." Dori's comment is an example of - Answers :egocentrism. Language blooms so rapidly between the late 2s and the mid-3s that researchers have yet to understand the exact pattern. What is clear is that sentence length increases at a steady pace, and the ways in which children at this age combine words and phrases to form sentences, known as ___________, doubles each month. - Answers :syntax Which of the following countries has no coordinated national policy on preschool education? - Answers :United States The most popular educational program for children in the United States is probably ___________. - Answers :Sesame Street The aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others is - Answers :pragmatics. The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects is known as - Answers :conservation. Preschoolers acquire vocabulary at a rate of nearly one new word every 2 hours, 24 hours a day. They manage this feat through a process known as ___________, in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter. - Answers :fast mapping According to Hart and Risley, - Answers :all of these answers. Play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something is called ___________ play. - Answers :constructive A cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender is known as - Answers :gender schema. According to Erikson, the period during which children aged 18 months to 3 years either become more independent and self-reliant if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or experience humiliation and uncertainty if they are restricted and overprotected is known as - Answers :autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Three-year-old Pamela sees her mother crying. Pamela gives her mother her favorite doll to hold and pats her on the back and tells her everything will be okay. Pamela is demonstrating - Answers :empathy.
In the development of theory of the mind the 3-year-old child will develop an understanding of the concept of pretend before he or she understands - Answers :belief. Two-year-old George believes that when he puts on his mother's make-up and high heels that he is now female. Further, George believes that when he grows up he can be a mommy if he wants to be one. George clearly lacks gender ___________, the understanding that people will always be the same gender. - Answers :constancy While 3-year-old Bijan was on vacation with his parents, he insisted on wearing only mismatched brightly colored socks with white sneakers. His parents got many looks from passersby, some positive and some not so positive. According to Erikson, because Bijan was able to express himself through his clothes, he should develop a sense of - Answers :initiative. By the end of the preschool years, most children can easily solve the false belief problems, except for children with - Answers :autism. Action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves is called ___________ play. - Answers :onlooker Play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests, is called ___________ play. - Answers :cooperative Some preschoolers experience ___________ dissonance, the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preference for majority values or people. - Answers :racial Linda and Liza exchange toys, but they are not playing the same thing. The interaction between the girls provides an example of - Answers :associative play. ___________ orientation is an orientation that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual. - Answers :Individualistic Abdul and Zasan are both playing in the sandbox. They both have two buckets and are independently pouring sand from one bucket to another bucket without so much as a word to each other. This is an example of ___________ play. - Answers :parallel Girls that are raised by authoritarian parents are especially ___________, whereas boys are unusually ___________. - Answers :dependent; hostile Five-year-old Chen has been taught to wait quietly for his turn and not to shout out or to draw attention to himself. Chen is a quiet, unassuming little boy who blends in well with others. Chen's behavior is an example of a(n) ___________ orientation. - Answers :collectivistic
The belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors, is known as - Answers :gender constancy. Children of authoritative parents tend to - Answers :be self-assertive Three-year-old Julia is having difficulty stringing cheerios on a string. Every time she gets one on it breaks. Like many preschoolers, Julia will most likely - Answers :persist until she makes her Cheerio necklace. ___________ orientation is an orientation that promotes the notion of interdependence.
- Answers :Collectivistic The process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles is known as ___________ modeling. - Answers :abstract Nicole's parents expect her to do well at school and to complete her assignments on time and in a manner that she would be proud of. They tell Nicole that they want her to succeed in school because they want her to have many opportunities when she reaches adulthood. They explain that if she does not do well in math then she will be unable to be an engineer, a doctor, or a carpenter because those professions rely on mathematics. They also set similar expectations for her behavior at home. Nicole's parents are most likely - Answers :authoritative. Four-year-old Jasmine is African-American. Jasmine prefers to play with dolls that are white. Also, she is more likely to say that black children are naughtier than white children. Jasmine's preference for majority values or people suggests that she may be experiencing - Answers :racial dissonance. Four-year-old Kyle insists on playing the same card game and always in the same manner. He becomes very upset if someone suggests that they play cards in a different way. Kyle most likely is in Piaget's ___________ stage of morality development. - Answers :heteronomous Three-year-old Franklin loved to ride the battery powered "Barbie" powder pink convertible car around the Toys 'R' Us store. However, when asked what battery powered vehicle he would like to purchase, Franklin chose a blue and green motorcycle. This example illustrates that Franklin is aware of - Answers :gender expectations. Ashley, an only child, spends a great deal of time at her best friend's home. When she does go home, her parents hardly acknowledge her presence. They provide her with nice clothes, a bedroom that most of her friends would die for, and a nice home in a good neighborhood. However, Ashley often feels like a stranger around her parents. Ashley's parents are most likely - Answers :uninvolved.
The stage of moral development in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable is known as ___________ morality. - Answers :heteronomous Sarah, 4 years old, can successfully complete the false belief problems while her older brother Paul, age 10, still is not able to do so. Paul has considerable problems connecting with others. Most likely Paul is suffering from - Answers :autism. According to Freud, around the age of 5, boys begin to develop sexual interests in their mothers, viewing their fathers as rivals. This conflict is known as the ___________ conflict. - Answers :Oedipal The change in people's sense of justice and of what is right and wrong is called ___________ development. - Answers :moral According to the social learning approaches, children learn gender-related behavior and expectations by - Answers :watching the behavior of males and females in their society. During prenatal development, females exposed to high levels of androgens (male hormones) prefer to play with - Answers :boys The capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity is known as - Answers :emotional self-regulation. Ms. Applebie, a kindergarten teacher, knows that she need not praise everyone for good behavior. All she needs to do is praise one child and all the other children quickly follow suit. According to social learning approaches, children - Answers :can learn by being reinforced indirectly. A person's identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual is called - Answers :self-concept. Four-year-old Rudy manipulates objects to produce or build something, like putting a puzzle together. Rudy is showing an example of ___________ play. - Answers :constructive Dillon's parents let him come and go as he pleases. If Dillon wants to stay out all night or watch television into the wee hours on a school night that is his choice. They feel he is the one that will be tired the next day, not them. This is an example of the ___________ parenting style. - Answers :permissive Asthma attacks are triggered by a variety of factors. Among the most common are - Answers :all of these answers. The intent of Public Law 94-142 was to ensure that children with special needs received a full education in the ____________, the setting most similar to that of children without special needs. - Answers :least restrictive environment
