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Depression in Elderly
Walden University Any person above the age of 60 is considered elderly. Elderly population is on the rise. (Shrestha, Ojha, Dhungana, & Shrestha, 2020). There will soon be over 800 million elderly individuals around the world (Akturk, Akturk, & Erci, 2019). In elders, depression is common. Depression is one of the leading causes of disease burden in most regions of the world (Laksham, K., Selvaraj, R., & Kameshvell, C., 2019). Depression has become a major issue among the elderly (Akturk, Akturk, & Erci, 2019). Millions of adults suffer from a clinically diagnosed depression, a mood disorder that often affects personal, vocational, social, health functioning (Oyama & Piotroski, 2020). Depression among the elderly is usually unrecognized and they have higher morbidity and mortality than those without depression (Laksham, K., Selvaraj, R., & Kameshvell, C., 2019). Aging is associated with increases in the incidence of physical and mental illnesses, one of which is depression (Akturk et al., 2019). Recognizing depression in older individuals may be more of a challenge than recognizing depression within a younger person. The assessment for depression in older adults is probably the most easily accomplished because of the amount of clinical anecdotal information on the frequency of depression in older adults the research suggesting that rates of depression in older adults are higher than for younger populations, or the belief that depression is considered to be among the more treatable of emotional conditions experiences by older adults (Gallo & Wittnik, 2006b). Assessment of anxiety is also important with older adults, and Blazer (1998) probably
provides one of the more cogent discussions of the need for assessing this area of emotional well-being in older adults (Thyer, B. A., 2013). One specific reason for assessing anxiety is the fact that in older adults, depression and anxiety can present with similar symptoms, thus an appropriate differential diagnosis assessment of both becomes important (Blazer, 1998; Diffenbach, 2011). Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) has emerged as an important method for helping social workers address the needs of older adults, particularly as the number of older adults and their need for services continue to grow within the United States (Thyer, B. A., 2013). Depression and its determinants among elderly in selected villages of Puducherry- A community-based cross-sectional study ( Laksham, B. K., Selvaraj, R., Kameshvell, C., 2019) After a review of the literature, it was concluded that depression in the villages of Puducherry was ultimately high especially amongst single women. This was a community-based cross-sectional study done in three villages in the field practice area of a tertiary care research institute in Puducherry, involving men and women age 60 years and above (Laksham, B. K., Selvaraj, R., Kameshvell, C., 2019). Globally, 300 million people are estimated to have depression (World Health Organization, 2017). Depression is one of the leading causes of disease burden in most regions of the work (Laksham et al., 2019). Depression is an important risk factor for suicide and therefore it is an important public health problem. Also, depression affects the quality of life of an individual, and if left untreated, it may progress and affect the overall health (Laksham et al., 2019).
community (Akturk et al., 2019). This study concluded the effect of physical activity on depression among those aged at least 65 years who were registered at a family health center in Malatya, it was determined that the mean Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score was normal and that more than half of the elderly had mild depression while a quarter had major depression (Akturk et al., 2019). According to the study, knowing the physical activity level in the elderly will help assess the level of depression within the individual. Fear acquisition and extinction in elderly patients with depression (Rainer, C.; Nasrouei, S.; Tschofen, S.; Bliem, H.; Wilhelm, F.; Marksteiner, J., 2020). Elderly patients with depression commonly suffer from concurrent symptoms of anxiety comorbid anxiety disorders (Lenze et al., 2000). Using a large clinical sample of older patients with depression, it was found that more than 80% had anxiety symptoms (Braam et al., 2014) and about one-third had a comorbid anxiety disorder (van der Veen et al., 2015). When dealing with major depression, cognitive functions such as attention or memory could be impaired (Williams et al., 2000). This study was taken place at the State Hospital Hall in Austria. The patients were divided into 3 groups: Patients with late life depression, patients with mild cognitive impairment without depression and healthy control subjects (Rainer, C.; Nasrouei, S.; Tschofen, S.; Bliem, H.; Wilhelm, F.; Marksteiner, J., 2020). Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using the German version of the Geriatric-Depression-Scale (GDS (Yesavage et al., 1982). Fear
and depression often occur together in the elderly. It is difficult to separate depression and anxiety within the elderly community. Depression and its association with quality of life among elderly: An elderly home-cross sectional study (Shrestha, K., Ojha, S. P., Dhungana, S., & Shrestha, S. (2020). This study consisted of how the quality of one’s life and depression go hand in hand. According to the study, institutionalization further increases the risk of elderly being more depressed and can have impact on the quality of life (Shrestha, K., Ojha, S. P., Dhungana, S., & Shrestha, S. (2020). An institutional base cross-sectional study was conducted. The study lasted for one year. It was conducted with elderly people 60 and above residing in an elderly home near Hindu. The study was only conducted on elderly who were able to comprehend and provide verbal informed consent. The individuals were first tested by the Mini Mental Status Examination Scale (MMSE), then those who a specific range the interviewers were looking for was able to move on to part 2 of the study. The next portion was to be screen with the translated Nepali version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)-15 and then an assessment of quality of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life abbreviated-WHOQOL-BREF). The WHOQOL-BREF is a self-administered tool and has a 26 items in a Nepali language and includes 4 domains: physical health, psychological, social relationships and environmental (WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), n.d.).The validated Nepali translation of Geriatric Depression Scale- 15 item was used to assess the depression and quality of life was measured using word health organization quality of life- brief (Shrestha et al, 2020). Depression adds more hardship in the lives of the elderly. Most studies find depression big within women
with Individuals and Families: Evidence-Informed Assessments and Interventions , John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central , http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/waldenu/detail.action?docID=1106529. Created from waldenu on 2020-11-16 17:07:06. Depression and its determinants among elderly in selected villages of Puducherry – A community-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care , 8 (1), 141–
- https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_235_ Diffenbach, G. (2001). Anxiety and panic disorders. In M. D. Mezey (Ed.), The encyclopedia of elder care: The comprehensive resource on geriatric and social care (pp. 61– 63). New York, NY: Springer. George LK, Blazer DG, Winfield-Laird I, et al (1998): Psychiatric disorders and mental health service use in later life, in Epidemiology and Aging. Edited by Brody JA, Maddox GL. New York, Springer, Goodwin RD. Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the US. Prev Med. 2003; 36:698‐ 703 Holosko, Michael J., et al. Social Work Practice with Individuals and Families: Evidence- Informed Assessments and Interventions , John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central , http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/waldenu/detail.action?docID=1106529. Created from waldenu on 2020-11-16 17:08:15. Gallo, J. J., & Wittnik, M. N. (2006b). Depression assessment. In J. J. Gallo, H. R. Bogner, T. Fulmer, & G. J. Paveza (Eds.), Handbook of geriatric assessment (4th ed., pp. 153– 173). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. Holosko, Michael J., et al. Social Work Practice with Individuals and Families: Evidence- Informed Assessments and Interventions , John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central , http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/waldenu/detail.action?docID=1106529. Created from waldenu on 2020-11-16 17:09:07. E.J. Lenze, B.H. Mulsant, M.K. Shear, H.C. Schulberg, M.A. Dew, A.E. Begley, B.G. Pollock, C .F. Reynolds III (200), Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed elderly patients Am. J. Psychiatry, 157 (2000), pp. 722- Londoño, C., & González, M (2016)/ Prevalence of depression and associated factors in men Acta Colombiana de Psicologia, 19 (2016), pp. 330-344, 10.14718/ACP.2016.19.2. Oyama, O., PhD, & Piotrowski, N. A., PhD. (2020). Depression. Magill’s Medical Guide (Online Edition). Pınar R, Sert H. How should the Turkeys national elderly care policy be? Hemsirelikte Arastırma Gelistirme Dergisi. 2009; 2:46‐55. [In Turkish]
Rainer, C., Nasrouei, S., Tschofen, S., Bliem, H. R., Wilhelm, F. H., & Marksteiner, J. (2020). Fear acquisition and extinction in elderly patients with depression. Journal of Affective Disorders , 276 , 197–204. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06. Senior Services, Project Enhance. (2009). Preparing your site for EnhanceFitness. Seattle, WA: Author. Shrestha, K., Ojha, S. P., Dhungana, S., & Shrestha, S. (2020). Depression and its association with quality of life among elderly: An elderly home- cross sectional study. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research , 38 , 1–4. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.npbr.2020.08. Turkish Statistical Institute. Population Projections (TSIP), 2013– 2075. Retrieved from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Pre Haber Bultenleri.do? id = 15844; Accessed 15 November 2020. Weintraub D, Oehlberg KA, Katz IR, Stern MB. Test characteristics of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in Parkinson disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:169-75. World Health Organization. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. J.A. Yesavage, T.L. Brink, T.L. Rose, O. Lum, V. Huang, M. Adey, V.O. Leirer (1982)., Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report J. Psychiatry. Res., 17 (1982), pp. 37-49 https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/0022- 3956(82)90033-
