Internship at
Internship Report
Submitted For the Partial Fulfillment
of The Degree of Master of Arts In
Psychology
Under the supervision of
Ms. Mukti Singh Thakur
Department of Psychology
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Guidelines and tips
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Exploring Child Development and Psychology: A Comprehensive Guide, Summaries of Innovation
A comprehensive overview of child development and psychology, covering a wide range of topics such as physical, emotional, and social development, as well as specific developmental disorders, behavioral and emotional disorders, and various assessment tools and therapies used in the field. The document delves into the importance of understanding child development, the different domains of development, and the various challenges and disorders that children may face. It also discusses the role of play therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy in addressing these issues. Particularly valuable for those interested in pursuing a career in child psychology, education, or related fields, as it offers insights into the theoretical and practical aspects of working with children. Additionally, the case study presented provides a real-world example of how these concepts can be applied in a clinical setting.
Typology: Summaries
2021/2022
1 / 31
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Related documents
Partial preview of the text
Download Exploring Child Development and Psychology: A Comprehensive Guide and more Summaries Innovation in PDF only on Docsity!
Internship at
Internship Report
Submitted For the Partial Fulfillment of The Degree of Master of Arts In
Psychology
Under the supervision of Ms. Mukti Singh Thakur Department of Psychology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Certificate........................................................................................................... Contents
- Acknowledgement..............................................................................................
- Introduction........................................................................................................
- Objectives............................................................................................................
- History of the Institute......................................................................................
- Theories...............................................................................................................
- Therapies...........................................................................................................
- Case Study.........................................................................................................
- Conclusion.........................................................................................................
- References.........................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With grateful heart I would like to remember the persons who have helped me during the course of my internship program. I wish to place on record my words of gratitude to my professor, Ms. Mukti Singh, and I would also like to thank Mrs. Siji ma’am Head of the Department of Psychology for her timely guidance .warm-hearted acknowledgement of gratitude to Dr. Vinay Mishra for his contant support. I would also like to thank Mrs. Arpita Roy for her constructive guidance during our internship program ( resource person. I would also like to thank our Principal, Dr. Fr. John P.J. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends who have been a source of inspiration and constant motivation in accomplishing this task.
INTRODUCTION
An internship is a period of work experience offered by an employer to give students and graduates exposure to the working environment, often within a specific industry, which relates to their field of study. Internships can be as short as a week or as long as 12 months. They can be paid or voluntary; however, before you start an internship it’s important to know your rights with regards to getting paid. An internship can give you a real insight into the world of work, allowing you to build on the theory you learned at university and helping you to gain practical skills that will help strengthen your CV and make you more employable. Internships offer you the chance to test your skills in real-life situations, explore your career options and gain an insight into an organisation or career path. It is structured and supervised professional experience, within an approved agency, for which a student earns academic credit. It is guided by learning goals and supervised by both academic and agency personnel. According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers, an internship is a form of experiential learning that integrates knowledge and theory learned in the classroom with practical application and skills development in a professional setting. Internships give students the opportunity to gain valuable applied experience and make connections in professional fields they are considering for career paths; and give employers the opportunity to guide and evaluate talent. Most psychology programs require students to complete an internship or practicum to prepare them to work with real patients upon graduation. Supervised, hands-on experience allows psychology students to better serve their patients after earning a degree. An internship or practicum can help a student be more successful early on.
professional relationships and become more competent in providing direct services, such as counselling, psychotherapy and crisis intervention.
Enhanced Marketability
An internship may increase your marketability when it comes time to look for a job after graduation. An internship can set you apart from other candidates because it shows that you've gained valuable hands-on experience in a specific area of practice. Completing an internship shows an employer that you are able to apply the theories and models you've learned in the classroom. Sometimes, an internship can develop into a full-time post-graduation job, while other times, it can give you a foot in the door when you put your applications out there.
Formation of Work Habits
During your internship, you'll develop good work habits and begin to make the transition from student to professional. As a psychology intern, you'll -- ideally -- be treated as a professional, so you'll be expected to adhere to the same guidelines required for other staff. For example, you will have a set schedule of working hours and be expected to show up on time, complete your tasks before leaving for the day, show accountability and responsibility and report to your direct supervise.
HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTION
Psychoshiksha, the first ever Psychology Institute in Patiala, Punjab, takes this vision forward with their aim to provide quality education to students, enthusiasts, and anyone who wants to pursue their career in the field of psychology. The journey of establishing this reputed institution was started by Dr Shaina Kapoor, Current Advisor of Psychoshiksha, who had left her teaching career which she was a part of since 2012. Her immense gratitude and dedication towards psychology motivated her to start an institution with psychology courses to stay rooted in the subject. Mrs. Anu kapoor, a passionate graphologist, the current director of Psychoshiksha and Dr. Shaina kapoor’s mother stepped up in managing the institution with full enthusiasm. Psychoshiksha, registered under state law, an ISO and MSME certified organization, provides various courses through online and offline mode. The range of courses vary from coaching for UGC NET JRF , M.Phil in Clinical psychology and PhD entrances for psychology, coachings for school students starting from class 11th and 12th, graduate and master level and regular interactive workshops, webinars, short term courses, crash courses and internship programs in various sub-fields of psychology.
THEORIES
CHILD DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
An area concerned with describing what aspects of a person’s behaviour change and what aspects remain constant, as that person ages. An area concerned with understanding why those changes and constancies occur.
❖Emotional and social development: changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about other people, interpersonal skills, friendships, intimate relationships, and moral reasoning and behaviour. The Periods of Development: Prenatal: conception to birth. Infancy and toddlerhood: birth to 2 years. Early childhood: 2 to 6 years. Middle childhood: 6 to 11 years. Adolescence: 11 to 18 years.
CASE HISTORY
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the formal definition of case histories is records (or files) containing relevant information pertaining to clients' environments and history of services. This information is useful in many different fields for the purposes of illustration and case analysis. IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY TAKING:
- Obtaining an accurate history is the critical first step in determining the aetiology of a patient's problems.
- A large percentage of the time (70%), counsellor actually make the diagnosis based on the history alone. METHODS USED FOR CASE HISTORY TAKING Interviews – By interviewing first-time clients, organizations can gather basic information pertaining to clients’ concerns and lifestyles. They can also determine whether or not clients have used the services of similar organizations, and if they have, they can encourage clients to release this information to them to add to their case histories. Questionnaires – Standardized questionnaires ask many of the same questions that would be asked during a face-to-face interview. This approach is great for organizations that have little spare time to sit and converse with clients. The disadvantage of this method is that some issues may be overlooked.
Combination – Combining these two methods is perhaps the best way to gather data for case histories. When organizations use a combination approach, clients are better able to fully explain their histories, and there is little chance of overlooking essential information.
MENTAL HEALTH STATUS EXAMINATION
The mental state examination is an important clinical skill. You will become more accomplished at performing it the more you practise. Some areas of the mental state examination will be covered in your history taking and will not necessarily need to be revisited. What is important is that you develop a framework in your mind so that you are aware of gaps still to be filled in. It can help to start with a list written down, with space to write in the relevant sections. This will help you to be methodical, but be careful not to be too rigid, and remain empathic. COMPONENTS OF MENTAL HEALTH EXAM Appearance and Behaviour Speech Mood Thought process Thought content Cognition Insight/ Judgement
Major Childhood Disorders
Mild Mental Retardation Moderate Mental Retardation Severe Mental Retardation Profound Mental Retardation
F93.9 Childhood emotional disorder, unspecified
Tests/ Tools
BKT (Binet Kamat Test of Intelligence): Binet Kamat Test of Intelligence (BKT) is one of the widely used test in India since several decades, especially in clinical settings. Compared to other popular and comprehensive IQ tests, such as Wechsler's tests, BKT is simple to administer, score and interpret; economical in terms of cost; and still a valid measure of intelligence despite the test was standardized several decades ago. It also identifies the Basal Age and Ceiling Age of individuals. Basal Age: The highest year level at which the examinee passes all the subtests of the scale. Ceiling Age: The lowest year level at which the examinee fail all the subtests of the scale. This test can be administered on individuals as young as3 years old to 22 years old and above. In BKT, the Test Year in from 3 years to 10 years (+2 months),then with 2 years gap it’s 12 years ((+4 months), 14 years(+4months), 16 years (+ months), then with 3 years gap it’sfrom 19 years (+6 months), and 22 years (+6 months). VSMS (Vineland Social Maturity Scale) It is an evaluation of social and adaptive functions. VSMS is also used as a substitute test to assess intelligence when other core intelligence tests cannot be used due to various reasons, such as poor speech ability and in conditions where the child is not cooperative. The original version (Doll, 1953) was adapted to the Indian setting by A.J. Malin(1965) and later it saw further modification by Bharat Raj (1992). It measures the Social age and Social Quotient of the client.
It measures 8 domains
- Self help general
- Self help Eating
- Self help Dressing
- Self direction
- Socialization
- Occupation
- Communication
- Locomotion Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) It is a diagnostic assessment method that rates individuals on a scale ranging from normal to severe, and yields a score ranging from non-autistic to mild, moderate, or severely autistic. This scale is used to observe and subjectively rate 15 items
- Relationship to people / Relating to people
- Imitation
- Emotional response
- Body use
- Object use
- Adaptation to change
- Visual response
- Listening response
- Taste-smell-touch response
- Fear and nervousness
A sentence completion test form may be relatively short. However, there is debate over whether or not sentence completion tests elicit responses from conscious thought rather than unconscious states. This debate would affect whether sentence completion tests can be strictly categorised as projective tests. This test may be used for personality analysis, clinical applications, attitude assessment, achievement motivation, and measurement of other constructs. The tests are usually administered in booklet form where respondents complete the stems by writing words on paper. The Draw-A-Person This test requires the subject to draw a person. DAPT has a manual to be followed for interpretation of the data. The results are based on interpretation of the details of the drawing, such as the size, shape and complexity of the facial features, clothing and background of the figure. As with other projective tests, the approach has very little demonstrated validity and there is evidence that therapists may attribute pathology to individuals who are merely poor artists. A popular review has concluded that its scientific status “Can best be declared as weak”. Children’s Apperception Test This is a projective personality test used to assess individual variations in children's responses to standardized stimuli presented in the form of pictures of animals (CAT-A) or humans (CAT-H) in common social situations. The CAT is used to assess personality, level of maturity, and, often, psychological health. The test stimuli include pictures of children in common family situations such as prolonged illnesses, births, deaths, and separations from parental figures.
The CAT, developed by psychiatrist and psychologist Leopold Bellak and Sonya Sorel Bellak and first published in 1949, is based on the picture story test called the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). It takes 20 – 45 minutes or more to administer CAT, and is conducted only by a trained professional. After carefully establishing rapport with the child, the examiner shows the child one card after another in a particular sequence and encourages the child to tell a story—with a beginning, middle, and end—about the characters. The examiner may ask the child to describe, for example, what led up to the scene, the emotions of the characters, and what might happen in the future. The theory is that a child's responses to a series of drawings of animals or humans in familiar situations are likely to reveal significant aspects of a child's personality. Some of these dimensions of personality include level of reality testing and judgment, control and regulation of drives, defences, conflicts, and level of autonomy. There is no right or wrong answer in CAT. Thus there is no numerical score or scale for the test. Each story is carefully interpreted to uncover the child's underlying needs, conflicts, emotions, attitudes, and response patterns. The CAT's creators suggest a series of ten variables to consider while interpreting the results- the story's major theme, the major character's needs, drives, anxieties, conflicts, fears, and the child's conception of the external world.
THERAPIES
Play Therapy
- Play therapy is a form of child-led counselling, for children who experience social, emotional, or behavioural difficulties.
- As adults, when we are worried, we usually use words to express ourselves, but sometimes children need an external way to take out or express their
Play therapy activities
Behaviour Therapy (BT)
It is an umbrella term for types of therapy that treat mental health disorders. This form of therapy seeks to identify and help change potentially self- destructive or unhealthy behaviours. It functions on the idea that all behaviours are learned and that unhealthy behaviours can be changed. The focus of treatment is often on current problems and how to change them.
Behaviour therapy can benefit adults and children. It can benefit people with a wide range of disorders. People most commonly seek behavioural therapy to treat: ✓Depression ✓Anxiety ✓Disorders ✓Anger issues ✓Eating disorders ✓Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ✓ Bipolar disorder ✓ ADHD ✓ Phobias, including social phobias ✓ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) ✓ Self harm ✓ Substance abuse Strategies used in Behaviour Therapy Behavioural modification- It’s the process of changing behaviour over the long term using various motivational techniques, mainly consequences (negative reinforcement) and rewards (positive reinforcement). Systematic desensitization - relies heavily on classical conditioning. It’s often used to treat phobias. People are taught to replace a fear response to a phobia with relaxation responses. A person is first taught relaxation and breathing techniques. Once mastered, the therapist will slowly expose them to their fear in heightened doses while they practice these techniques. Aversion therapy – it is often used to treat problems such as substance abuse and alcoholism. It works by teaching people to associate a stimulus that’s desirable but unhealthy with an extremely unpleasant stimulus. The unpleasant stimulus may be something that causes discomfort. For example, a therapist may teach you to associate alcohol with an unpleasant memory. Flooding Reinforcement Shaping Modelling Token economy