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Developmental Psychology (Santrock) Study Notes, Study notes of Developmental Psychology

University of Mindanao (UM)Developmental Psychology

This is a study notes/highlights on the book of Santrock of Developmental Psychology.

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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
QUESTION AND ANSWER
STEVEN DAVE DURADO
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Life-span development begins with conception and ends with death.
2. Parents adhering to the fundamental premise of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "innate goodness"
argument would provide their children with little monitoring and few constraints.
3. Doctrine of original sin, children are basically bad, and are born as evil beings.
4. Blank Slate, tabula rasa.
5. Contrary to the view we held centuries ago, today we believe that childhood is a unique and
important period in life.
6. Traditional Approach to Development: extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no
change in adulthood, then decline in late old age.
7. Life Span Perspective: developmental change occurs throughout the entire life cycle.
8. Early Adulthood. Allan spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He also
has been thinking about how his personal relationship is going and considering whether it could be long-
term and lead to establishing a family.
9. Early Childhood. The period of development during which school readiness skills are developed and
most free time is spent playing with friends.
10. Infancy. Paul depends almost completely on his parents. He is just learning to recognize things that he
wants and how to get them.
11. Adolescence. Period of development is characterized by establishing independence, developing an
identity, and thinking more abstractly.
12. Multidimensional. Many older persons become wiser with age, yet perform more poorly on cognitive
speed tests.
13. Multidimensional. Development consists of many aspects: biological, cognitive, socioemotional, etc.
14. Multidirectional. Development is characterized by growth and decline.
15. Plastic. In one study, the reasoning abilities of older adults were improved through retraining.
16. Contextual. Differences in families, neighborhoods, cultures, and even time periods affect development.
17. Normative age-graded influence. In many cultures, people retire from their careers in their fifties or
sixties.
18. Normative history-graded influence. Like many others her age, Velma does not know how to use a
computer, but her six-year-old grandson has no problem navigating the Internet and using a word
processing program.
19. Nonnormative Life Event. When Ben was thirteen when his father was killed in a car accident.
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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

QUESTION AND ANSWER

STEVEN DAVE DURADO

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

  1. Life-span development begins with conception and ends with death.
  2. Parents adhering to the fundamental premise of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "innate goodness " argument would provide their children with little monitoring and few constraints.
  3. Doctrine of original sin, children are basically bad, and are born as evil beings.
  4. Blank Slate, tabula rasa.
  5. Contrary to the view we held centuries ago, today we believe that childhood is a unique and important period in life.
  6. Traditional Approach to Development: extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, then decline in late old age.
  7. Life Span Perspective: developmental change occurs throughout the entire life cycle.
  8. Early Adulthood. Allan spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He also has been thinking about how his personal relationship is going and considering whether it could be long- term and lead to establishing a family.
  9. Early Childhood. The period of development during which school readiness skills are developed and most free time is spent playing with friends.
  10. Infancy. Paul depends almost completely on his parents. He is just learning to recognize things that he wants and how to get them.
  11. Adolescence. Period of development is characterized by establishing independence, developing an identity, and thinking more abstractly.
  12. Multidimensional. Many older persons become wiser with age, yet perform more poorly on cognitive speed tests.
  13. Multidimensional. Development consists of many aspects: biological, cognitive, socioemotional, etc.
  14. Multidirectional. Development is characterized by growth and decline.
  15. Plastic. In one study, the reasoning abilities of older adults were improved through retraining.
  16. Contextual. Differences in families, neighborhoods, cultures, and even time periods affect development.
  17. Normative age-graded influence. In many cultures, people retire from their careers in their fifties or sixties.
  18. Normative history-graded influence. Like many others her age, Velma does not know how to use a computer, but her six-year-old grandson has no problem navigating the Internet and using a word processing program.
  19. Nonnormative Life Event. When Ben was thirteen when his father was killed in a car accident.
  1. Puberty is normative age-graded influenced.
  2. AIDS is normative history-graded influenced.
  3. Chronological Age. The number of years since a person was born.
  4. Social Age. The expectations society has that a person will act his or her age.
  5. Psychological Age. Rozee is 86 years young. She continues to learn phrases in new languages, she writes poetry, and she enjoys going to museums to see the latest up-and-coming artists.
  6. Theories. Several interrelated, coherent sets of ideas that would help him explain and make predictions about development.
  7. Psychoanalytic Theories. Development as an unconscious process.
  8. Freud’s three parts of the personality: superego, ego, id.
  9. Erikson’s theory emphasized on the developmental change through the human life span.
  10. Life span developmentalists recognize that extreme position on these issues (nature v nurture) are unwise.
  11. Information Processing Approach to development emphasize perception, memory, reasoning ability, and problem solving.
  12. From Skinner’s POV, behavior is explained through external consequences of that behavior.
  13. Bandura’s social cognitive theory, three factors that reciprocally influence behavior: behavior, the person, and the environment.
  14. Cognitive Theorists stresses that importance of thought processes.
  15. Bandura and Mischel’s Social Cognitive Theory: children copy the behavior they see in TV cartoons.
  16. Ethological Theory: Theory believes there are sensitive periods of development.
  17. Microsystems: context in which the individual lives and plays an active role.
  18. Family is to microsystem; time is to chronosystem.
  19. Alex believes people are primarily influenced by the environment and learned experiences , so he believes nurture plays a more powerful role in human development.
  20. Resolves the nature v nurture controversy. The interaction between nature and nurture is important in development.
  21. Ecological Theory explains environmental influences on development.
  22. Eclectic Approach. An approach that consists of several different theoretical perspectives.
  23. Difficulty of conducting research in laboratory setting is it is artificial.
  24. Main advantage of naturalistic observation is the real-world validity.
  25. Important part of an observational measure is that it be conducted in a way that is systematic and planned carefully in advance.
  26. Case Study: method of gathering information that gives in-depth look at one individual.
  27. Correlational Research posits that correlational does not equal causation.
  28. Experimental designs are superior to correlational approaches when dealing with variables that need to be manipulated.
  29. A cross-sectional design compares individuals of different ages (e.g., 30-year-olds, 40-year-olds, and 50 - year-olds) at one testing time.
  1. Adoption Studies designed to test the different effects of the home environment and biological genes.
  2. Down Syndrome. A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome.
  3. Sickle-Cell Anemia. Not a sex-linked disease.
  4. Active genotype-environment correlation. Mary begs her parents to allow her to take piano lessons. After her first several lessons, it quickly becomes apparent that Mary has a natural talent for music.
  5. Evocative genotype-environment interaction. Children who are highly active, easily distracted, and move quickly often elicit adult attempts to quiet them down, punishment for lack of concentration, and angry warnings to slow down.
  6. Passive genotype-environment interaction. Rachel has always enjoyed reading. Now that she is a parent, she provides her daughter with many books to read, hoping the child also will learn to enjoy reading.
  7. Amniocentesis includes drawing a sample of the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb.
  8. Ultrasound sonography. Least invasive prenatal diagnostic test.
  9. Zygote is a fertilized ovum.
  10. Germinal Period. The period of prenatal development that occurs in the first two weeks after conception.
  11. The placenta/umbilical cord life-support system prevent harmful bacteria from invading the fetus because the bacteria are too large to pass through the placenta walls.
  12. Embryonic Period. During which period of prenatal development do cells begin to become different from each other more rapidly and organs begin to form.
  13. Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm. Three layers of the embryo.
  14. Organogenesis. Organs and tissues in an unborn baby are most vulnerable to environmental changes.
  15. Teratogens. An environmental factor that produces birth defects.
  16. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The infant is often physically deformed ad below average in intelligence.
  17. Lower Birthweights. A common characteristic of babies born to women who smoke during their pregnancies.
  18. Phillip is 5 years old and has a poor attention span. He often fidgets and is impulsive. It is quite possible that Phillip's mother used cocaine while pregnant.
  19. Maternal stress is associated with increased risk of prematurity in the baby.
  20. Relationship between age and pregnancy outcome is mothers over 30 are most likely to have retarded babies.
  21. Now that Eric and Luz have established their careers and are in their mid-twenties, they are planning to have a baby. In terms of the paternal factors that may affect his child, Eric should be most concerned about his low dietary intake of vitamin C.
  22. Anoxia. Complication of delivery.
  23. Anesthetics. Drugs used to block sensation in one area of the body or to block consciousness during delivery.
  24. Breech Position. The baby's head is at the top of the uterus, and the baby's lower extremities are on the cervix.
  1. The APGAR primarily assess a newborn’s physiological health.
  2. Two-day-old Terry's very low Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale score is often a good indicator that he has brain damage.
  3. Bonding between mothers and newborns enjoys supporting evidence: Bonding with mothers is helpful to preterm infants and adolescent mothers. CHAPTER 3 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
  4. Basic principle of cephalocaudal development: An infant first raises the head, then sits up, then stands up.
  5. Proximodistal growth: middle to outer.
  6. Factors that can produce individual difference in height: ethnic origin and nutrition.
  7. By the end of early childhood, boys have more muscle, whereas girls have more fat.
  8. The period of middle and late childhood involves slow, consistent growth.
  9. Boys are generally stronger than girls during middle childhood because boys have more muscles cells.
  10. Alice wants to know how early her daughter Barbara will go through puberty. Barbara should consider their Family History of Puberty.
  11. The age at which puberty arrives is decreasing with each passing decade.
  12. Pituitary Gland. Endocrine glands important for controlling growth and regulating other glands.
  13. Testosterone male hormone; estradiol women’s hormone.
  14. The hormonal and body changes of puberty occur about 2 year(s) earlier in girls than they do in boys.
  15. Puberty refers to the rapid skeletal and sexual maturation during adolescence.
  16. Girls are just as tall and weigh more than boys before puberty.
  17. Recent research has found that early-maturing girls are more likely than late-maturing girls to be depressed.
  18. The Berkeley Longitudinal Study showed that, compared with late-maturing boys, early-maturing boys saw themselves more positively.
  19. Expected to occur when an individual reaches the age 30: sagging chins and protruding abdomens.
  20. The average adult in middle adulthood loses height and gains weight.
  21. People become shorter as they go through middle adulthood.
  22. A man in his mid-forties is most likely notice joint stiffness.
  23. Sally, a 60-year-old woman who is postmenopausal is expected to have her blood pressure to be high.
  24. During the first 2 years of life, there is tremendous growth in an infant's neuronal interconnections.
  25. Hemispheres. Two division of the brain.
  26. Myelination occur in the brain when the nerve cells become insulated with a layer of fat.
  27. Myelination in the brain increases the speed of information traveling through the nerve cells.
  1. Many of the factors linked to poor health habits and early death in the adult years begin during adolescence.
  2. The United States, adolescents exercise the least.
  3. Adolescents, the age group the has the lowest rate of using private physician services for their health needs.
  4. Adolescents Personal Fable. Some college students believe that they personally will not experience health problems regardless of their lifestyle, whereas others showing the same behaviors will have health problem.
  5. Although most the of college students know what it takes to be healthy, most of them don’t apply it.
  6. Physicians describe: male patients as logical; female patients as emotional.
  7. A major criticism of the large-scale study involving 22,000 physicians that demonstrated the beneficial effect of an aspirin every other day on coronary heart disease is that the study is that it did not include women.
  8. Arthritis and hypertension. Most common chronic disorders for both middle-aged women and men.
  9. Heart conditions. A chronic condition associated with the greatest limitation on work.
  10. An aging disorder associated with calcium and vitamin D deficiencies, estrogen depletion, and lack of exercise is osteoporosis.
  11. Cancer. Main cause of death in middle adulthood in the US.
  12. Heart disease. Leading cause of death among elderly adults.
  13. Chronic disease. Starts out slowly but lasts long time.
  14. Robust. At age 82, Mr. Wilcox still walks around the block every day and still picks up his 20-pound great-grandson.
  15. Portrayal of the oldest old today is more optimistic than in the past.
  16. Ellen Langer has suggested that some of the difficulties old people face are caused by the way they think about being old.
  17. Rodin and Langer found that nursing home patients who were given some responsibility and control over their lives became healthier.
  18. Self-efficacy. Harold believes he can master most situations he's in, and by doing so, produce a positive outcome.
  19. Alzheimer’s is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.
  20. Psychoneuroimmunology is the field that explores connections between psychological factors, the nervous system and the immune system.
  21. Healthiest diet for infants consists of high fat.
  22. A mother who is overweight can breastfeed an infant. Not a mother with AIDS, Tuberculosis, and is taking drugs.
  23. Parents can encourage their child to become more active to help their obese children lose weight.
  1. Marasmus. Eskias, who is 8 months old, has a wasting away of body tissues that is caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency.
  2. Adolescents are mostly likely to die from car accidents.
  3. Anorexia Nervosa. an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
  4. Emily, a White female honor student from an upper-income family is most likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa.
  5. Restricted eaters are individuals who chronically restrict food intake to control their weight.
  6. Vitamin supplements called antioxidants may affect health by counteracting effects of free radicals.
  7. The US, an industrialized nation that has the highest rate of adolescent drug use.
  8. Smoking in the adolescent years causes permanent genetic changes in the lungs.
  9. Basal metabolism rate refers to the much energy is needed to maintain the set point weight.
  10. Some evidence suggests that such vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene supplements are associated with reduced illness and injury in later years.
  11. Preventing heart disease is the main focus research on the effects of exercise on health.
  12. At age 30 you find you are a successful, hard-working executive, but you are also slightly overweight and have increasing difficulty coping with the tension in your life. You should walk or jog at the brisk pace for 30 minutes every day.
  13. Using illicit drugs is NOT a problem reported by binge drinkers.
  14. The Disease Model, Professor Seligman teaches his class that addiction is a lifelong ailment that requires treatment.
  15. Exposure to tobacco smoke increases children's risk for developing respiratory and middle-ear diseases. CHAPTER 5 MOTOR, SENSORY, PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT
  16. According the Dynamic System Theory, mastering a motor skill requires the use of the nervous system, motivational factors, and environmental opportunities.
  17. The Dynamic System Theory of motor development emphasizes the exploration and selection.
  18. T. Berry Brazelton (1956) found that most infants engage in considerable sucking behavior unrelated to feeding.
  19. Infants typically holds the head erect first before other motor skills.
  20. Rooting Reflex. Occurs when an infant's cheek is stroked or the side of his or her mouth is touched.
  21. Moro Reflex. Diane notices that sudden stimulation causes her 2-month-old to arch his back, throw his head back, fling out his arms and legs, and then rapidly close them to the center of his body.
  22. Arms are to gross motor; as fingers are to fine motors.
  23. Compare to right-handed children, left-handed children have better spatial ability, and they do well academically.
  1. Jessica turned her head when she heard footsteps in the hall, then she smiled when she saw her mother come into the room. This demonstrates intermodal perception.
  2. Thelen’s research on perceptual and motor development suggests that perceptual and motor development do not occur in isolation from one another. CHAPTER 6 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACHES
  3. Jean Piaget observes his own children in gathering information for his theories about cognitive development.
  4. Adaptation. Piaget’s name for the frameworks that organize and interpret information.
  5. Accommodation. Tim likes to explore his parent's house through touch. One day he touches the oven and burns his hand. Tim learns that although some things can be touched, ovens should not.
  6. Equilibrium. The cognitive balance that children are motivated to achieve when experiencing cognitive conflict.
  7. Sensorimotor stage. Understanding of the world comes about through sensory experiences and motor actions.
  8. During the sensorimotor substage, infant’s behaviors are reflexive.
  9. Piaget’s concept of habit. Initially blinking reflexively in response to a bright light and then blinking when no stimulus is present.
  10. Object Permanence. The idea that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be directly viewed.
  11. Object Permanence Example: When D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old, he does search for it.
  12. New research on cognitive development in children suggests that Piaget’s view needs to be modified.
  13. Sensorimotor challenge: Infants as young as 4 months of age can coordinate information from two senses.
  14. The AB Error. The Piagetian concept in which an infant makes frequent mistakes, selecting the familiar hiding place rather than a new hiding place.
  15. Egocentrism. In talking with Grandma on the phone, the child suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty red bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, the little boy says, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up.
  16. Animism. A young child might be heard saying, "That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down." The child's belief that the tree has "human" qualities and is capable of action.
  17. Piaget’s operation refers to internalized mental actions.
  18. Centration is clearly evidenced in young children's lack of conservation when they focus their attention on one characteristic (such as height or length) to the exclusion of others.
  1. To understand how a family tree showing relationships among relatives works, children need to be able to use the skill of classification.
  2. Concrete Operation Stage. Tyrell understands that his father can also be a son and a brother, all at the same time.
  3. Concrete Operational Stage. A child can take a group of Legos and place them in order from largest to smallest.
  4. Operations are reversible mental actions.
  5. Formal Operational Thought comes into play between 11 and 15 years of age.
  6. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning cognitive ability to solve problems that develop in adolescence.
  7. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning. When playing the modified "Twenty Questions" game in which she is supposed to determine which picture of 42 the experimenter has in mind, Elnora asks questions in a systematic way, such as, "Is it in the top half of the display?"
  8. Personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent’s egocentrism.
  9. Imaginary Audience. Stephanie, a 15-year-old high school student, is afraid to go to school because of a small pimple on her forehead.
  10. Personal fable involves adolescent’s sense of uniqueness.
  11. Piaget’s idea of education. We need to know how children understand the world to teach them effectively.
  12. The Zone of Proximal Development is a measure of potential.
  13. In ZPD, learning involves a social activity between a less-knowledgeable child and another adult or child who is more knowledgeable.
  14. A toddler is likely to learn something in the SPD, if the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.
  15. Scaffolding. When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student.
  16. Vygotsky’s believe that language and thought and all mental functions have external or social origins.
  17. A child’s interaction with a teacher is an institutional component that influences cognitive development.
  18. Vygotsky’s educational application, practical teaching should begin toward the upper limit of the zone of proximal development.
  19. Vygotsky believes that cognitive development is influenced by social factors.
  20. Using private speech to organize and regulate thinking. Latoya talks to herself often, especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem.
  21. Reflective Thinking. Main cognitive change between the fourth and fifth stages of cognitive development.
  22. Schaie found that adults do not go beyond formal operational thought, but they do progress in how they use their intellect.
  1. Andrew, a 4-year-old preschooler has the highest likelihood of being susceptible to misleading suggestions.
  2. Rehearsal works best for short-term memory.
  3. 15 years old children able to process information at the same speed as adults.
  4. Memory span increases most rapidly during early childhood.
  5. Repeating material over and over without elaboration is the LEAST effective strategy for memorizing.
  6. Working memory is called short-term memory.
  7. Explicit memory refers to memory of facts and experiences that individuals know and state.
  8. Critical Thinking involves thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence.
  9. Implicit Memory is LEAST likely be adversely affected by aging.
  10. MOST helpful strategy in improving memory in middle age: use an organizational strategy to categorize information to be remembered.
  11. The program "Fostering a Community of Learners" is designed to encourage critical thinking.
  12. Reciprocal Teaching. Elliott is a student in a school where each of the students takes turns leading small- group discussions. The students discuss complex passages, collaborate, and share their individual expertise and perspectives.
  13. Annie has the second- highest grade in her class, and Aisha has the highest. This ranking demonstrates the ordinal property of numbers.
  14. Children become proficient in counting during early childhood.
  15. Ordinality. John knows that he has the second highest grade in the class.
  16. Knowing about knowing is metacognition.
  17. Experts have better long-term memories: difference between experts and novices.
  18. We could distinguish Stephen, an expert chess player, from Darrell, who is a novice, because Stephen is more likely than Darrel to use his accumulated experience when determining his moves.
  19. Do crossword puzzles. Jake is only 25 years old but wants to reduce his chance of cognitive impairment when he is older.
  20. The fact that older adults benefit from training in mnemonics indicates that they can learn to improve their memory skills.
  21. Older adults experience a decline in their ability to develop and use metacognitive skills. NOT TRUE about cognitive processes in older adulthood. CHAPTER 8 INTELLIGENCE
  22. Intelligence is thinking skills and the ability to adapt and learn from life’s experiences.
  23. Binet and Simon developed intelligence to determine which schoolchildren were likely to be slow learners.

3. IQ = MA/CA*

  1. Scores are normally distributed around the average score means most people score in the average range and few people score very high or very low.
  2. Compare to Binet intelligence test, Wechsler tests offers the advantage of both verbal and non-verbal scores.
  3. Sternberg and Gardner’s theory of intelligence are examples of the ideas that intelligence consists of several specific abilities.
  4. Practical Intelligence. Indira grew up in poverty and first learned to care for herself and her younger brother by selling newspapers and developing "street smarts." Although she never went to school, she has become successful in business.
  5. Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence, “g” refers to general intelligence.
  6. Architect is a spatial intelligence.
  7. Advantage of Spectrum classroom is that they encourage teachers to identify children’s skills that night be missed in a regular classroom.
  8. Gardner developed 8 types of intelligence.
  9. The Abecedarian Intervention program has demonstrated that the early intellectual gains of children in the program could not be sustained over long periods.
  10. Gesell Test assesses language, adaptive, personal-social, motor of infants.
  11. The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence estimates intelligence by comparing the amount of time a baby looks at a new object and the amount of time spent looking at a familiar object.
  12. The DQ measures all of the following: (1) language, (2) adaptation, (3) motor skills.
  13. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Used assessment of infant development that has three components: a mental scale, a motor scale, and an infant behavior profile.
  14. Little Jerome is taking the Bayley Scale Test and when asked, can pick up a rattle and shake it. He is also able to stop shaking it when directed to do so. Jerome is 12 months old.
  15. Predicting the overall level of childhood intelligence is the LEAST useful utilization of infant’s test of development.
  16. Fluid Intelligence is to reason abstractly.
  17. Crystalized Intelligence is an individual’s accumulated knowledge.
  18. According to John Horn, in middle age, crystallized intelligence increases, while fluid intelligence begins to decline.
  19. Data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study have shown that the highest level of functioning for four of the six intellectual abilities tested occurred in middle adulthood.
  20. Changes in intellectual abilities during adulthood indicate that fluid intelligence declines earlier and more quickly than crystallized intelligence.
  21. It is NOT POSSIBLE to develop an intelligence test that truly culturally fair because there are too many different variations in test taker’s culture to address them.
  22. Many of the early intelligence tests favored urban, middle-income, White individuals. These tests are considered culture-biased.
  1. Edward said to his mother, "The mouse the cat the farmer chased killed at the cheese." After puzzling over this for a bit, Edward's mother said, "Do you mean 'The farmer chased the cat that killed the mouse that ate the cheese?'" "Yes," he replied. Edward was having a problem with semantics.
  2. Aphasia, language disorder resulting from brain damage that involves a loss of the ability to use words.
  3. The concept of the language acquisition device is an example of how biological evolution is inadequate to explain human langue.
  4. Chomsky’s theory of language development emphasized innate structures and biological mechanisms.
  5. Critical periods for learning language are determined by biology.
  6. Young children learn language quickly. A theoretical claim that has been contradicted by another research.
  7. Betty Hart and Todd Risley suggest that the main difference between the way middle-class parents and welfare parents interact with their children is that middle class parents spoke to their children more.
  8. The child’s first word is typically uttered at around 10 to 15 months.
  9. Compared to 100 years ago, children’s first words today are the same.
  10. A child’s expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with parents verbally interacting with them.
  11. Aunt Alie is speaking in normal tones until she is handed her new baby niece. Aunt Alie's voice immediately changes into a higher pitch, and she begins using baby-talk phrases like "goo goo" and "ba ba." This change in Aunt Alie's language behavior provides an example of infant-directed speech.
  12. Young infants attend closely to infant-directed speech because they are attracted to the exaggerated intonation pattern.
  13. Recasting. Little Lisa points to a ball and says "Color dat ball." Her father responds with "What color is the ball?"
  14. n the debate over whether the whole-language approach or the basic-skills-and-phonetics approach is the better one for teaching children to read researchers have not been able to document that either approach is better.
  15. Andrew sees a cat on the lawn, then says to his mother, "Kitty." The notion that Andrew is using that one word to imply a whole sentence, such as "That's a kitty," would be suggestive of the holophrase hypothesis.
  16. Roger Brown's (1973) concept of mean length of utterances (MLUs) is an index of creativity.
  17. Information currently available about language development indicates that to encourage language development, adults should engage children in meaningful conversation.
  18. Child’s receptive vocabulary during the first 2 years of life exceeds the child’s spoken vocabulary.
  19. Throughout most of adulthood, the vocabulary of individuals continues to increase.
  20. Mary is in second grade and often reverses the letters b, p, and d when she practices her writing. Mary is perfectly normal for her age.
  21. Adolescence is the stage where individual begin to understand metaphors and satire.
  1. Gulliver's Travels, by Jonathan Swift, poked fun at the politics of his day and is considered an outstanding example of satire.
  2. Research on bilingualism has a positive effect on children’s cognitive development.
  3. The optimal time for learning a second language is late childhood. CHAPTER 10 EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
  4. Emotion is a mixture of physiological arousal, and overt behavior.
  5. Regulation is the ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity of emotions.
  6. Emotions represent the first langue used by infants and parents.
  7. Contempt is among the expressions that LAST to appear in development.
  8. Researchers have studied sex differences in how well adults can interpret the different types of cries in babies and found that mothers are not innately programmed to understand crying any more than fathers.
  9. f we believe that ethologists and behaviorists are BOTH right about how parents should respond to the cries of their infants, we would believe that a quick response to all cries would result in a(n) increase in crying behavior and more secure attachment.
  10. Carroll Izard (1982) developed the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX), which is a system designed to measure emotions.
  11. Reflexive smiling occurs FIRST in development.
  12. Social Smiling is a type of smiling as a response to an external stimulus.
  13. Reflexive Smile does not occur as a response to an external stimulus.
  14. Children are more likely to show stranger anxiety if they are feeling insecure.
  15. Meeting a stranger in a research laboratory is a situation that is most likely to produce stranger anxiety in an infant.
  16. The emotional life of the older adult is MELLOW.
  17. Socioemotional selectivity theory argues that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals peripheral to their lives.
  18. According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults narrow their social circles to have social partners who satisfy their emotional needs.
  19. When researchers study temperament, they MOST likely to so do with INFANTS.
  20. Chess and Thomas believe that the easy child is the most typical temperament.
  21. Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm are different types of temperament.
  1. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, fatuous love involves commitment, while infatuation does not.
  2. PASSION. Don and Ellie have been married for more than 30 years.
  3. Affectionate Love is a type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person.
  4. If the only real attraction that Richard and Jamie feel toward each other is sexual, Robert Sternberg would argue that they are experiencing infatuation.
  5. Relationships with romantic partners are more likely to involve fascination and exclusiveness. CHAPTER 11 THE SELF, IDENTITY, AND PERSONALITY
  6. THE SELF refers to all of the characteristics of a person.
  7. At approximately 18 MONTHS does rudimentary self-understanding first takes place.
  8. Preschoolers most often describes themselves in terms of their PHYSICAL CHARACTERTICS.
  9. Lauren is 4 years old. If she is asked to describe her, she would answer “ I have brown hair, and I have a bicycle.”
  10. Jaymon is a third-grader and has been asked by his teacher to describe himself. Jaymond would say “I am friendly”.
  11. PERSPECTIVE TAKING is the ability to understand another person’s thoughts and feelings.
  12. In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are MORE likely than children in early childhood to compare themselves to their peers.
  13. SELF-CONCEPT refers to self-evaluation in different domains of an individual’s life.
  14. Most self-concept stability occurs between the ages of 20 and 30.
  15. Erikson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life. This form of retrospection is what many theorists call life review.
  16. INCREASED FEAR OF DEATH is LEAST likely outcome of life review.
  17. Angela has been told that she is high in self-regulation. If this is true, we would expect Angela to achieve her goals.
  18. Compared with earlier period, adolescence is the time of both increase and decrease in self- regulation.
  19. According to Baltes, successful aging is based on selection, optimization, and compensation.
  20. Self-esteem, global; self-concept, domain-specific self-evaluation.
  21. Susan Harter believes that the best wat to enhance a child’s sense of self-esteem is to help the child recognize and value strength he and she already has.
  22. Peter and Lynette want to help their daughter develop high self-esteem. They should teacher her to cope with problems.
  1. Authoritarian parents who have a lot of rules that restrict their children's behavior tend to move children toward greater feelings of guilt.
  2. An idea of how the child compares to other children the same age is what children get from peers that they cannot get from siblings.
  3. As children transition from elementary school to middle school, their self-esteem drops.
  4. The adolescent identity crisis refers to a period when adolescents are actively making decisions about who they are.
  5. According to Erikson, an identity is what individuals must achieve before they can develop intimacy.
  6. According to contemporary view of identity development, your sense of identity is determined during infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
  7. Ramona's parents have decided that she will enroll in the state college near their hometown. Ramona hasn't given much thought to the issue and will probably do what they advise. According to psychologist James Marcia, accepting her parents' advice will put Ramona into identity foreclosure.
  8. Ramon considered attending a technical college, but also wondered about the value of getting a bachelor's degree from a university. He finally decided to attend the technical college but still wonders if his choice was correct. According to James Marcia, Ramon is in a state of identity moratorium.
  9. Researchers believe that adolescents who develop the most positive sense of identity are ones who follow the MAMA cycle of identity.
  10. Jason was confused about whether to propose to his girlfriend. After he proposed, he felt great and knew he had done the right thing. As the wedding date approached, however, he was overcome with doubt. He considered calling off the wedding but did not. Today he is happily married and glad he made his decision. Jason's experience is an example of the MAMA cycle of identity development.
  11. The term that James Marcia uses to refer to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do is commitment.
  12. Asked whether they ever had doubts about their religion, four students gave the following answers. Answer should, Phil: "Yeah, I even started wondering if God existed. I've pretty much resolved that by now, though."
  13. Autocratic parents are most likely to have adolescents experiencing identity foreclosure.
  14. According to Cooper and Grotevant (1989), both individuality and connectedness are important in the adolescent's identity development.
  15. Most ethnic minority individuals first consciously confront their ethnicity in adolescence.
  16. A contemporary criticism of Freud's developmental theory is that childhood experiences are not the only important experience in our life.
  17. Jennifer believes that each individual follows a unique path toward the development of personality and that one's personality is constantly changing across the life span. Her views are most similar to Bandura.
  18. Behavioral theories suggest that personality is situation-specific.