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Deviance, crime and social control

Sociology

Kim Alina, Kosmaganbetova Anel

Sociological

theories of deviance

Imanbayev Aidos

Defining normal and

deviant behavior

Kurganbay Ayaulym

Mechanism of social control

(internal and external)

Akshalova Aigerim, Mukatayev Sanzhar TABLE OF CONTENTS

Bakhytzhankyzy Marzhan

Psychological

theories of deviance

Biological theories

of deviance

The first, a crime, is a violation of officially accepted laws and is called a formal deviation. Examples of formal deviations from the norm include robbery, theft, rape, murder, and assault. The second type of deviant behavior includes violations of informal social norms (norms that are not enshrined in the law) and is called informal deviation. Examples of informal deviations include picking your nose, burping loudly, or being unnecessarily near another person. Examples of deviant behavior

Examples of normal behavior The norm in society : ● communicate with society ● improve communication skills ● be among your social circle

Normal is whatever behavior the population

engages:

● going to school ● playing sports ● going for lunch with other people

INTERNAL Social control theory describes internal means of social control. It argues that relationships commitments values beliefs encourage conformity — if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into broader communities, individuals will voluntarily limit deviant acts. This interpretation suggests the power of internal means of control, such as one’s own conscious ego sensibilities about right and wrong, are powerful in mitigating the likelihood that one will deviate from social norms.

EXTERNAL Internal stands in contrast to external means of control, in which individuals conform because an authority figure (such as the state ) threatens sanctions should the individual disobey.

Sociological theories of

deviance

Bakhytzhankyzy Marzhan

Sociological theories of deviance are those that use social context and social pressures to explain deviance. Four main sociological theories of deviance exist: Social Strain Typology Structural Functionalism Conflict Theory Labeling Theory

THEORIES

Conflict Theory

Suggests that deviant behaviors result from social, political, or material inequalities in a social group.

Labeling Theory

Argues that people become deviant as a result of people forcing that identity upon them and then adopting the identity.

Social strain theory

Developed by Robert K. Merton, based upon two criteria: ● a person’s motivations or adherence to cultural goals; ● a person’s belief in how to attain her goals. According to Merton, there are five types of deviance: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion.

Structural Functionalism

Argues that deviant behavior plays an active, constructive role in society by ultimately helping cohere different populations within a society.

Psychological

theories of deviance

Kurganbay Ayaulym

Psychoanalytic theory

which was developed by Sigmund Freud ,

states that all humans have natural drives

and urges that are repressed in the

unconscious. Additionally, all humans

have criminal tendencies. Psychological

approaches to deviance all have some key

things in common.

Common features of psychological approaches to deviance

FIRST

The individual is the primary unit of analysis.

SECOND

An individual’s personality is the major motivational element

THIRD

Criminals and deviants are seen as suffering from personality deficiencies

Method of research in biological theory The conversation about crime and biological explanations focuses more on the relationship between genetics and crime than the relationship between phenotypic features and crime. Because the modern emphasis is on actual genetics rather than phenotypic expressions of genes, stereotyping of individuals with “criminal” traits or propensities is more difficult.

Example of biological theory When walking down the street, you can tell who has a protruding jaw, but you can’t tell who has the genetic combination that increases one’s propensity for aggression. Though the debate has mutated, a biological explanation for deviance and crime is still commonplace.

● https://laulima.hawaii.edu/access/content/user/kfrench/sociology/Sociologic al_Theories_of_Deviant_Behavior.htm ● https://www.thoughtco.com/sociological-explanations-of-deviant-behavior- 3026269 ● https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/theories-of- crime-and-deviance/ ● https://study.com/academy/lesson/labeling-theory-and-crime-stigma- retrospective-and-projective-labeling.html ● https://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/deviance/section3/ ● https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/sociology-brief-edition-v1.1/s08- deviance-crime-and-social-cont.html BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

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